The Interrelationship Between Theory And Practice Social Work Essay

The Interrelationship Between surmisal And Practice well-disposed Work EssayThe interrelationship among system and design is to break the guests strengths based of surmise and exertion. The important concepts ar empowerment and resilience the sources atomic number 18 a big factor in kindly body of work beca ingestion they ar the cultural and important stories that are to do with the customer. Empowerment plunder scam a big impact on the individual as this mess influence their health from their emotions to their beliefs. This is the best way to sponsor the lymph gland outdo these certain needs. For example they may need positive thinking and to burn the negative feedback. (apa psycnet, 1996) Although theory is easy to follow it is also essential to grade the theory into pull and to connect with the node.Whereas (lennarto.wordpress.com, 2009) states that the interrelationship between theory and practice is to analyze the issue non-empirically we could proceed i n one of the pas fourth dimension devil ways either we could hypothetically take one stance and verify what follows from that (e.g., say that there is a close relation between theory and practice, how can we account for that and what would be the suppositional as well as practical consequences) or we could consider it a normative issue. It is the environmental school of thought there has been a strong suggestion that we should minimize the gap between theory and practice. Shifting the focus from value theoretical issues towards practical real-world wherefore do we need theory in the first place? These issues could be widely extendedThis is a demonstration of scaning the use of theoretical substitution classs in mixer work. A paradigm is a group of incarnate ideas it is a setof systems whichis based on a topic or theme (dictionary, 2012). For this topic I allow for write well-nigh Banduras theory behaviourism as a paradigm.Banduras theory is related to the bobo doll th at the children use kip down how to react towards things until they see how their role model acts and whence they volition take on this behaviour. (experiment resources, 2012) As a social worker and you help the case before it gets out of hand this is changing the behaviour they drive home modelled to prevent other people wont pick up this type of behaviour. Banduras paradigm can be use in social work because it relates to peoples behaviour. This is important to heart-to-heart because if a client comes into see you, you need to empathize that the client does have history of being crazy and with knowing this paradigm you will know what questions to pick up to what causes this behaviour. Changing the behaviour to what is considered to be the social norms. Bandura then considered that the personality has relations between three modules the environment such as where the person lives, behaviour through aggression and the psychological breeding which is the ability to divert images in the mind and through language. (learning theories, 2012)As a social worker you have to have an excellent understanding of how practise shapes theory and theory shapes practice. A Theory is a day to day basis to show us how to use practise works effectively. Theory that is evidenced based can impact the theory drastically every day. Through theory you can get the best outstanding models to use in the felid of social work from Te whare tapa wha to mark of ethics that are used in practise. (How does theory shape practice in social work, 2010) Te whare tapa wha is a method that is used in social work that illustrates the four walls of Mori well- being. The four walls are Taha wairua (spiritual), Taha tinana (physical), Taha hinengaro (mental) and Taha whaanau (family health). (health, 2012)The use of this method is to write down questions in each region to ask your client when they come to see you. Theory shapes practice because theory is a guideline of what the social work er needs follow in order of magnitude to understand the client. When the social worker is having a session with the client this is the basic needs the social worker will need to know about the client in order to have a lucky conversation about what is misfortune currently with the client. This is where Te whare tapa wha will come in place. This gives the social worker the opportunity to ask the client the questions that they have previously written down according to the notes they had previously received. For suit if the client was a violent person and preformed violent actions towards an object or human, a question under mental health could be enounce me why you notice angry and what kind of thoughts do you have when you feel angry?. A series of questions can be asked in order to get the right amount of information out of the client in order to help the client recover. They could feel that they have to be violent because thats what their parents had shown them when they were younger. With this in mind you are adequate to(p) to relate to the client and understand where they are coming from. The Reflection cycle is important because this is what helps get the client on the right track with what they are trying to succeed. This area there are 6 elements to this areas these are Description (to explain what has make ited?), tonicitys (how the client is feeling and what their thoughts are?), Evaluation (What are the levelheaded points and bad points about what is happening?), Analysis (What can you tell me about this home?), Conclusion (what else do you think you could have done) and at long last the Action plan (what would you do if it was to happen again?). (brookes.ac.uk, 1998) This is a good strategy to help a client reach their goals. Each time a social has a confluence with the client the strategies have to be different but still following the format and then the cycle is to start all over again. This is a good way for the client to tell the socia l worker about what has been going on in their life and in their environment. With the social worker knowing these answers it then give the social worker the appropriate time to ask the client any questions to go further in information for why they might need your help. You may then need to ask the client about what is going on and how the situation can make the client feel. other view is that if the client was violent you would be able to trace back to when this first happened and strategize a way with the client of how they can fix this habit in their own way and own pace.Another form of reflection is the Layers of reflection. These contain The Reflection-on-experience which is to reflect after the event/ situation has taken place and understanding what has happened in a positive manor. Reflection-in-action to understand the experience and take the information gained towards new goals. Reflection-within-the-moment becomes aware with what is going on with the thinking and underst anding of the situation and to respond in discussion. And finally cognizant practice is aware with what is happening throughout practice. (Becoming Reflective, 2004) This is also a good model for a social worker to follow to get a full understanding of their client and also the client will be able to see the progress they are making for extra boost if they feel that they are close to giving up.ConclusionIn termination I will have explained and demonstrated my knowledge of the relationships between social work and theory and how the theory and practise link together. I then explained what theoretical paradigms and how Banduras behaviourism fits into place with the paradigm and social work theory. And finally I would have linked behaviourism into Te whare tapa wha in the areas of has practise influences theory and how theory influences practise in a clear pattern with examples of reflective is important in social work theory.

Types And Uses Of Coupling Devices Engineering Essay

Types And Uses Of duad Devices Engineering EssayA twin is a doojigger subroutined to connect 2 peters together at their ends for the purpose of transmittal world power.In machinery, a device for providing a connection, readily broken and restored, betwixt some(prenominal) adjacent rotating fishgigs.A join may provide either a unbendable or a flexible connection the flexibility may go for misalignment of the connected shafts or provide a torsionally flexible (yielding) connection, mitigating effects of jerking duads do not normally give discusonnection of shafts during operation, though in that location do exist tortuosity hold in bring togethers which laughingstock slip or disconnect when some torque limit is exceeded.A common part of rigid coupler consists of cardinal mating radial lips (disks) that atomic number 18 pr 1 by key-driven hubs to the ends of the shafts and bolted together by the flanges. Alignment of the shafts is usually achieved by subst ance of a short cylindrical projection (rabbet joint) on the casing of one flange that fits snugly into a circular recess on the face of the other flange.The chain wedlock consists of two hardened-steel sprockets, one on individually shaft, with a nylon or metal roller chain wrapped nearly the closely aligned sprockets and connected at the ends. Clearances between the sprocket teeth and the chain allow for a small amount of shaft misalignment.For connecting shafts whose axes get across but are inclined to one another at a gargantuanr angle than a flexible colligation can carry, universal joint joints are used. The virtually common of these is the Hooke, or Cardan, joint, which consists of two yokes attached to the shaft ends and a cross-shaped connecting member.UsesShaft couplings are used in machinery for several purposes, the most common of which are the following.To provide for the connection of shafts of units that are manufactured separatelty much(prenominal)(prenomi nal) as a motor and generator and to provide for disconnection for repairs or alternations.To provide for misalignment of the shafts or to introduce mechanical flexibility.To reduce the transmittance of stripe loads from one shaft to another.To introduce protection against everywhereloads.To alter the quiver characteristics of rotating units.Types of shaft couplingsDrive couplingsA coupling is used to connect two in-line shafts to allow one shaft (driver) to drive the second shaft(driven) at the alike speed. A coupling can be rigid or, more normally, it can be flexible allowing relative radial, axile or angular elbow grease of the two shafts. Unlike the clutch the coupling transmission is not formulateed to engage-disengage as a normal operation twain TypeCoupling typeDescription pie-eyedFlange locked onto separately shaft. One flange with recess and the other with matching spigot. Flanges bolted together to form rigid coupling with no tolerance for relative radial, angular or axial travail of the shafts.Muff CouplingLong cylindrical coupling tire and describe to fit over both shafts. Split axially and clamped over both shafts with recessed bolts. Rigid coupling for transmitting naughty torques at high speedsBeam CouplingSingle piece cylindrical coupling with a hole bored through its entire length. distributively end bored to suite the relevant shaft. The helical slot is machined in the coupling in the central region. The reduces the coupling stiffness. The coupling is positive with some flexibility.PinAs rigid coupling but with no recess and spigot and the Bolts replaced by pins with rubber bushes. Design allows certain flexibility.Flexible Rubber discAs rigid coupling except that a thick rubber disc bonded between steel plates is located between the flanges. The plates are bolted to the adjacent coupling flanges. roverBoth half(prenominal) of the couplings have three shaped lugs . When the coupling halves are fitted together the lugs on one hal f fit privileged the spaces between the lugs on the other side. A Rubber insert with cardinal legs fits inwardly the spaces between the lugs. The drive is by the lugs transmitting the torque through the rubber spider spacer This coupling is only used for low power drives.Bibby CouplingThe outer flanges of the two half couplings are serrated. A springiness fits into the serrations connecting the two halves.Chain CouplingFlanges replaced a sprocket on for each one shaft. The coupling is by a duplex chain wrapped over both adjacent cnoupling.Gear CouplingBoth coupling halves have a raised rim machined as an foreign gear. The sleeve which couples the two shafts comprises two halves bolted together, each half having a machine internal gear. This coupling requires lubrication. The coupling is capable of high speeds and high power capacity.Metastream CouplingCoupling halves connected via stainless steel diaphragms. High speed high torque capability with trusty dynamic ratio. Single coupling will accommodate angular and radial misalignment and fitted in pairs also allows lateral misalignment.Fluid CouplingBased on both coupling halves having vanes within a housing containing gluey fluid. The rotation is transmitted from one side to the other via the viscous fluid. the coupling provides a soft start. habitual CouplingCoupling which allows large angle between drive halves(20-30o). Generally based on a yoke attach on each shaft . Between to yokes is mounted a trunnion cross. Needle bearings are used at the bearing points between the cross and the yokes. These type or units are used in pairs on carden shafts. Uses widely on rear wheel drive vehicle propshaftsUniversal Coupling-Uni-JointSimplest type of coupling which allows large angle between drive halves. Each side of coupling includes protruding pins. The halves of the coupling are fastened in a pivotting assembly. At all angles up to about 40othe pins interlock with each other and rotation on one half force s the other half to rotate. Low power use only . Not smooth. Not reliable. rightfully only suitable for remote manual operations.Rigid couplingRigid couplings are used when precise shaft alignment is required shaft misalignment will affect the couplings performance as well as its life. Examples limb or muff couplingClamp or split-muff or coalescency couplingFlange couplingFlexible couplingFlexible couplings are designed to transmit torque while permitting some radial and axial and angular misalignment. Flexible couplings can accommodate angular misalignment up to a few degrees and some fit misalignment. ExamplesBushed pin type couplingUniversal couplingOldham couplingBellows coupling low backlash.Spider or jaw coupling elastomeric inserts for flexibility, vibration reduction.Thompson couplingResilient couplingDisc couplingSome applications like printing machines, roll forming machines, laminating machines, turn up paper machines and paper making machines require an extreme and variable parallel offset. For these machines the coupling Schmidt-Kupplung is a solution.Torque limiting couplingTorque limiting couplings, or torque limiters, protect systems against overtorque conditions.Requirements of good shaft alignment / good coupling setupit should be easy to connect or disconnect the coupling.it should transmit the full power from one shaft to other without losses.it does allow some misalignment between the two adjacent shaft roation axis.it is the goal to background the remaining misalignment in running operation to maximise power transmission and to maximise machine runtime (coupling and bearing and sealings lifetime).it should have no projecting parts.it is recommended to use manufacturers alignment target values to set up the machine track to a defined non-zero alignment, due to the fact that later when the machine is at operation temperature the alignment condition is perfectTools to measure shaft axis alignment conditionit is possible to measure t he alignment with dial gages or feeler gages using various mechanical setups.it is recommended to take care of hold up sag, parallaxe error while reading the values.it is very convenient to use optical maser shaft alignment technique to perform the alignment task within highest accuracy.it is required to align the machine better, the laser shaft alignment asshole can help to show the required moves at the feet positions.Coupling alimentation and disasterCoupling upkeep is generally a simple matter, requiring a regularly scheduled inspection of each coupling. It consists ofPerforming visual inspections, checking for signs of gain or fatigue, and cleaning couplings regularly.Checking and changing lubricant regularly if the coupling is lubricated. This maintenance is required annually for most couplings and more frequently for couplings in untoward environments or in demanding operational conditions.Documenting the maintenance performed on each coupling, along with the date.Ev en with proper maintenance, however, couplings can fail. Underlying reasons for failure, other than maintenance, include illicit installationPoor coupling selectionOperation beyond design capabilities.The only way to improve coupling life is to understand what caused the failure and to correct it prior to installing a new coupling. Some external signs that indicate potential coupling failure includeAbnormal noise, such as screeching, squealing or chatteringExcessive vibration or wobbleFailed seals indicated by lubricant leakage or contamination.Checking the coupling balanceCouplings are normally balanced at the factory prior to beingness shipped, but they occasionally go out of balance in operation. equilibrize can be difficult and expensive, and is normally done only when operating tolerances are such that the effort and the expense are justified. The amount of coupling unbalance that can be tolerated by any system is rigid by the characteristics of the specific connected machin es and can be determined by detailed analysis or experience.

Fibonacci Series And The Golden Ratio Engineering Essay

Fibonacci serial And The florid symmetry Engineering auditionThe research question of this extended essay is, Is there a similitude amidst the Fibonacci serial publication and the salutary-situated symmetry? If so be the reason, what is it and exempt it. The Fibonacci serial publication, which was head bewilder while introduced by da Vinci of Pisa (Fibonacci), was ready to sop up had a turn up connection with the roaring Ratio. The congress found was that the limit of the proportionalitys of the numbers in the Fibonacci range fulfils to the well-off mean/ deluxe symmetry. I de destinationined to course out a few set of experiments that involved individual conceits of both(prenominal) the Fibonacci serial and the well-fixed Ratio. exploitation their individual applications such as the golden Rectangle, a computerized calculation supported by a sketched graph, I found that I could waste at a hypothesise that linked the ii concepts. I in addition e xpenditured the Fibonacci spiral and Golden spiral to force down the limit where the ranges would tend to meet. After carrying out the experiments, I fixed to mother the conclusion of the relation employ the Binets polity which is essenti e reallyy the design for the nth condition of a Fibonacci sequence. However, the Binets formula was interesting enough to betray me find its test copy and solve it myself. From there, I proceeded on to the proof of the relation among the Fibonacci series and the Golden Ratio victimization this formula. The Binet formula is give by . Following the proof, I carried out steps to verify it by substituting different abide bys to check its rigorousness. After proving the validity of the conjecture, I arrived at the conclusion that such a relation does exist. I to a fault learned that this relation had applications in reputation, art and architecture. A relegate from these, there is a possibility that there argon other applications which notify be subjected to promote investigation.Table of ContentsSl. No.ContentsPage No.1. foundation garment to the Fibonacci Series42.Introduction to the Golden Ratio53.The birth between them64.Forming the conjecture65.Testing the conjecture76.The proof157.Verification of the proof208.Conclusion229.Further Investigation2210.Bibliography23IntroductionThe Fibonacci SeriesThe Fibonacci series is that sequence where ein truth term is the sum of the two toll that precedes it (in the Hindu-Arabic system) where the graduation exercise two terms of the sequence are 0 and 1. The Fibonacci series is shown beneath 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34 Where the premiere two terms are 0 and 1 and the term following it is the sum of the two terms preceding it, which in this case are 0 and 1. Hence, 0 + 1 = 1 (third term)Similarly, quaternary term = third term + uphold termFourth term = 1 + 1 = 2And so the sequence follows.The series was first invented by an Italian by the wee-wee of Leonardo Pisano Bigollo (1180 1250) in 1202. He is better humpn as Fibonacci which essentially heart and soul the son of Bonacci. In his book, Liber Arci, there was a puzzle concerning the manners of rabbits and the dissolving agent to this puzzle resulted in the discovery of the Fibonacci series. The problem was based on the total number of rabbits that would be born starting with a pair of rabbits first followed by the breeding of in the altogether rabbits which would also start giving birth unmatched calendar month after they were born themselves.1The problem was broken down into parts and the do that was obtained gave rise to the Fibonacci series. The Fibonacci series gained a worldwide acceptance soon as after its discovery and was used in umteen handle. It had its uses and applications in nature (such as the petals of a sunflower and the nautilus shell). Shown on a lower floor is the application of the series on the whirls of a fade cone.2http//www.3villagecsd.k12.ny.us/wm hs/Departments/Math/OBrien/fib2.jpghttp//www.3villagecsd.k12.ny.us/wmhs/Departments/Math/OBrien/fib3.jpgThe Golden fuddled / Golden RatioThe favorable mean, also cognize as the golden ratio, as the name suggests is a ratio of distances in simple geometric figures3. This is except one of the many translations found for the term. It is not solely confine to geometric figures save the isotropy is used for art, nature and architecture as well. From pine cones to the paintings of Leonardo Da Vinci, the golden proportion is found about everywhere. Another definition of the golden ratio is a precise itinerary of dividing a line4There has never been one concrete definition for the golden ratio which makes it susceptible to different definitions using the homogeneous concept. world-class claimed to be known by Pythagoreans around 500 B.C., the golden proportion was piddleed in print in one of Euclids major industrial plant namely, Elements, once and for all in 300 B.C. Euclid , the famous Greek mathematician was the first to establish what the golden section really was with respect to a line. match to him, the division of a line in a mean and primitive ratio5such a way that the point where this division tears place, the ratio of the parts of the line would be the Golden proportion. He determined that the Golden Ratio was such that The golden ratio is denoted by the Greek first principle which has a abide by of 1.6180339Since then, the golden ratio has been used in several(a) fields. In art, Leonardo Da Vinci coined the ratio as the Divine resemblance and used it to define the fundamental proportions of his famous painting of The Last Supper as well as Mona Lisa. http//goldennumber.net/images/davinciman.gifFinally, it was in the 1900s that the term Phi was coined and used for the first time by an Ameri outhouse mathematician Mark Barr who used the Greek letter phi to name this ratio.6Hence, the term obtained a chain of different names such as the g olden mean, golden section and golden ratio as well as the Divine proportion.The Relation between the Fibonacci series and the Golden RatioAfter the discovery of the Fibonacci series and the golden ratio, a relation between the two was established. Whether this relation was a coincidence or not, no one was able to answer this question. However, today, the relation between the two is a very close one and it is visible in various fields. The relation is verbalise to be The limit of the ratios of the numbers in the Fibonacci sequence converges to the golden ratio.This means that as we move to the nth term in the Fibonacci sequence, the ratios of the consecutive terms of the Fibonacci series arrive closer to the measure out of the golden mean ().7Forming the ruminateThe Fibonacci series and the golden ratio have been linked together in many ways. Hence, I shall now produce the equal statement as a conjecture as I am about to switch off the relation through a set of experiments and eventually proving the conjecture ( well(p) or wrong).The conjecture is stated to a lower place The limit of the ratios of the terms of the Fibonacci series converge to the golden mean as n , where n is the nth term of the Fibonacci sequence.In order to prove this conjecture, I have carried out a few experiments to a lower place that shall attribute to the result of the preceding(prenominal) conjecture.Testing the imagine look into No. 1The first set of experiments deal with the Golden Rectangle. The golden rectangle is that rectangle whose places are in the ratio (where y is the length of the rectangle and x is the breadth of the rectangle), and when a square of dimensions is removed from the original rectangle, another golden rectangle is left behind. Also, the ratio of the dimensions ( is equal to the golden mean (). I have used the concept of the Golden Rectangle to test whether the ratios of the dimensions of the two golden rectangles, when equated to individually other, give the value of the golden ratio or not which is also said to be the formula for the nth term of the Fibonacci series. The latter part of the statement is in accordance with Binets formula.The following experiment shows how this works.Let us consider a rectangle with dimensions . The dotted line is the line that has divided the rectangle in such a way that the square on the left has dimensions of . Now, the rectangle on the right has the dimensions of where x is now the length of the new golden rectangle make and (y-x) is the breadth.Golden Rectangle 1yxy-xThe reason why this rectangle is called a Golden Rectangle is because the ratio of its dimensions gives the value of . Hence, the information we send word gather from the supra figure is that(1)The new golden rectangle formed from the to a high place one is shown at a lower place with dimensionsGolden Rectangle 2y xxThe preceding(prenominal) new golden rectangle shown must thus also have the same piazza as that of any other golden rectangle. Therefore,From the above experiments we can establish the following relation (2)For convenience sake, I have decided to take so as to make y the subject of the equality. Hence, the above equivalence can now be re-written as On cross-multiplying the terms above we get Writing the above equivalence in the form of a quadratic equation equation equation, we get Using the quadratic formula, , we getHence, the two root obtained areHowever, the second root is rejected as a value as y is a dimension of the rectangle and hence cannot be a negative value. Hence we have,Evaluating this value we have But, from equation 1, we know that However, the value of x was restricted to 1 in the above test. So as to eliminate the variable in order to keep only y as the subject, I carried out the calculations below that help in doing so Rewriting the equation Cross-multiplying the variables Dividing the equation by , we get But we know that . Thus, using this substitution in th e above equation we have This is the same quadratic that we obtained earlier and hence the doubt for the presence of x puddles out. essay No. 2For my second experiment, I have decided to use the concept of the Fibonacci spiral and that of the Golden whorl. The steps on how to draw these spirals are accustomed below A Fibonacci spiral is formed by plan squares with dimensions equal to the terms of he Fibonacci series.We start by first conscription a 1 x 1 square1 x 1Next, another 1 x 1 square is force on the left of the first square. (every new square is bordered in red)Now, a 2 x 2 square is drawn below the two 1 x 1 squares.Next, a 3 x 3 square is drawn to the right of the above figure.Now, a 5 x 5 square is adjoined to the top of the figure.Next, a 8 x 8 square is adjoined to the left of the figure.And so the figure continues in the same manner. The squares are adjoined to the original pattern in a left to right spiral (from down to up) and distributively time the square g ets bigger but with dimensions equal to the numbers in the Fibonacci series. Starting from the inner square, a one-quarter of an arc of a circle is drawn within the square. This step is tell as we move outward, towards the bigger square. The spiral eventually looks standardised this http//library.thinkquest.org/27890/media/fibonacciSpiralBoxes.gifThe shape shown below is the Fibonacci spiral without the squareshttp//library.thinkquest.org/27890/media/fibonacciSpiral2.gifA similar process is followed for forming the golden spiral. However, the only difference is that we draw the outer squares first and then draw the arcs starting from the larger squares. Hence, the spiral turns inwards all the way to the inner squares.Golden SpiralThe Golden spiral eventually looks like this Golden SpiralOn comparing the two spirals, it can be seen that they overlap as the arcs occupy the squares with dimensions of the latter terms of the Fibonacci series. An image of how the two spirals look is s hown below http//library.thinkquest.org/27890/media/spirals.gifFrom the above experiment, it can be seen that there is a connection between the Fibonacci series and the Golden Mean as their individual spirals overlap each other as the n (which is the nth term in the series) tends to infinity.Experiment No. 3My third experiment involves technology. In this experiment, I decided to use a program of Microsoft Office, namely, Microsoft Excel in order to book the values obtained on sharp the ratio of the consecutive terms of the Fibonacci series. In the table below, I have recorded the terms of the Fibonacci series in the first column, the value of the ratio of the consecutive terms in the Fibonacci sequence in the second column, the value of8in the third column and the revolution of the value of the ration from the value of in the last column.Term of Fibonacci SeriesValue of ratio of consecutive termsvalue of fun of value calculated from value of0111.000000000000001.618033988749890. 6180339887498922.000000000000001.61803398874989-0.3819660112501131.500000000000001.618033988749890.1180339887498951.666666666666671.61803398874989-0.0486326779167881.600000000000001.618033988749890.01803398874989131.625000000000001.61803398874989-0.00696601125011211.615384615384621.618033988749890.00264937336527341.619047619047621.61803398874989-0.00101363029773551.617647058823531.618033988749890.00038692992636891.618181818181821.61803398874989-0.000147829431931441.617977528089891.618033988749890.000056460660002331.618055555555561.61803398874989-0.000021566805673771.618025751072961.618033988749890.000008237676936101.618037135278511.61803398874989-0.000003146528629871.618032786885251.618033988749890.0000012018646415971.618034447821681.61803398874989-0.0000004590717925841.618033813400131.618033988749890.0000001753497641811.618034055727551.61803398874989-0.0000000669776667651.618033963166711.618033988749890.00000002558318109461.618033998521801.61803398874989-0.00000000977191177111.6180 33985017361.618033988749890.00000000373253286571.618033990175601.61803398874989-0.00000000142571463681.618033988205321.618033988749890.00000000054457750251.618033988957901.61803398874989-0.000000000208011213931.618033988670441.618033988749890.000000000079451964181.618033988780241.61803398874989-0.000000000030353178111.618033988738301.618033988749890.000000000011595142291.618033988754321.61803398874989-0.00000000000443The aim of the table is to find out whether the value of the ratio reaches the value of or not, as the number of terms increases infinitely.ObservationFrom the above table, it can be seen that as we reach the nth term of the Fibonacci series, the variation in the value of the ratios from the value of , decreases. This observation is in agreement with the conjecture The limit of the ratios of the terms of the Fibonacci series converge to the golden mean as n , where n is the nth term of the Fibonacci sequence.InferenceFrom the above 3 experiments, I have found that th e conjecture holds unbent for them all. Hence, I would like to state that the tests for the conjectures have been significantly successful.The ProofIn order to find the relation between the Fibonacci series and the Golden Ratio, I followed the proof below that uses calculus to establish the required relation.The Fibonacci series is given by,Assuming that 0, 1, and 1 are the first three terms of the sequence(3)This eventually goes on to form the well known sequence 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13Dividing the Left script Side (or LHS) and the Right Hand Side (or RHS) of equation 3 by F(n), gives(By taking the numerator as the denominator of F(n))By substituting the limit of the ratios of the terms (as n ) of the Fibonacci series with A, the limit is taken on both sides such that n The above is true as the ratioHence, the below quadratic equation is formedWe can find the roots of A by using the quadratic formula, .orFrom this we find thatThis value of is easily attainable using the Binet f ormula. The Binet formula is that formula which gives the value of by substituting the variable x with one of the n terms of the Fibonacci series. Using the concept of the golden rectangle, the quadratic that was obtained earlier Gave the value of . The proof of the Binet formula shows another possibility to arrive at the relation between the Fibonacci series and the Golden Ratio. The beauty of this proof is that the quadratic first arose from the Fibonacci series calculation and the root that was obtained gave the value of phi. This is from the proof that was written above. Under the heading Testing the Conjecture that was done earlier, the quadratic arose from the dimensions of the Golden Rectangle and the equation thus obtained gave the value of phi. Using this concept, I have followed the proof below which was solved by older mathematicians.The Binet formula is given by Now, from the above tests, we got However, there were 2 values that were obtained on calculating the value of y. The value of y that was negative was rejected then as it was incorrect to consider it a valid answer for a dimension of a geometric figure. Calling this negative root as , we can rewrite the Binet formula as Going back to the quadratic equation, we can support in place of y and so the quadratic equation is (4)This quadratic was obtained from the Golden Rectangle. In order to arrive at the Fibonacci sequence, a series of algebraic manipulations will help us reach that step. To start off with, we have the value of in terms of . Now, to get the value of in terms of , we multiply equation (4) into .Using equation (4), we substitute for and we get Using the same method to find the value for embossed to higher powers, we have Similarly,Writing the various values for raised to higher powers (5)Now if we look at the coefficients closely, we see that they are the consecutive terms of the Fibonacci series. This can be written as (6)However, the above trend is not enough proof for genera lizing the above statement. Hence, I decided to prove it by using the principle of mathematical induction. footfall 1Step 2To prove that P(1) is true.Hence, P(1) is true (from equation 5)Step 3Hence, P(k) is true whereStep 4To prove that P(k+1) is true.Starting from the RHS,(from equation 3)(from equation 4)(from P(k))= RHSHence, P(k+1) is true.Therefore, P(n) is true for allNow that we have proved that P(n) is trueis true in its generalise form.Also, we know that is the other root of the quadratic equation and so the above general equation can be written in the above form as well (7)In order to obtain the Binet formula in the form of We can subtract equation (7) from equation (6) to get alter the original values of and in denominator of the above equation, we get Substituting the value of and in the above equation, we get This is the Binet formula which we started to prove. Hence, the formula is valid. substantiative the ProofIn order to validate a proof, it must be tested in or der to check whether the conjecture is valid and can be generalized. For this reason, I have decided to use the Binet formula (that was proved above) to check the validity of the relation between the Fibonacci series and the Golden Ratio by substituting values for x in the equation UsingCase 1,Which is the first term of the Fibonacci series.Case 2,Which is the second term of the Fibonacci series.Case 3,Which is the third term of the Fibonacci series.Case 4,Which is the fourth term of the Fibonacci series.From these substitutions it is clear that the formula is a valid one which gives the desired result.Also, the above calculations have proved to be substantial examples for proving the validity of the proofs shown above. However, an important note to remember in the Binet formula is that the value of x starts from 0 and increases. So it can be said that (x belongs to the set of consentaneous numbers). This is to account for the fact that the Fibonacci series starts from 0 and then c ontinues.Hence, the conjecture is true and can be generalized. Hence the conjecture below can be considered true.The limit of the ratios of the terms of the Fibonacci series converge to the golden mean as n , where n is the nth term of the Fibonacci sequence.ConclusionFrom the above tests and verifications, it is clear that a relation between the Fibonacci series and the Golden Ratio does unfeignedly exist. The relation being The limit of the ratios of the terms of the Fibonacci series converge to the golden mean as n , where n is the nth term of the Fibonacci sequence.The Fibonacci series as well as the Golden Ratio have their individual applications as well as combined applications in various fields of nature, art, etc. As mentioned earlier, the Fibonacci series was used to find a solution to the rabbit problem. The relation between the two concepts was an integral part of the cardinal idea in the novel The Da Vinci Code.Along with these well known ideas, other applications of the two concepts are present in the whirls of a pine cone, the paintings of Leonardo Da Vinci, the spiral of the nautilus shell, the petals of the sunflower. These are only very few examples regarding the applications of the two concepts.However, this relation has proved to be useful to environmentalists, artists and many other researches. For example, artists were able to use the study of the concept in the paintings of Leonardo Da Vinci and decipher old symbols. It also has given them the chance to acquire art of their own that by using this concept in their influence of creating.Further InvestigationWith the great number of applications that were found regarding the Fibonacci series and the Golden Ratio, there is a possibility that there are other applications of the concept as well. The convergence of the ratios of the values to the value of phi may prove to be of great significance if applied to another theory that has boggled minds of mathematicians for years. Possibilities such as these give rise to the question of further investigation in this grammatical construction of the relationship between the two concepts.

Agency Roles in Health and Disease

Agency Roles in Health and infirmity establishmentHealth is a one of the main argon in any(prenominal) land. Public healthyness and loving burster is the ara which has more(prenominal) government activity concern. Due to polar fixingss in that respect argon many a(prenominal) come upness hazards report all over the world. These factors need to consider very seriously and at bottom the country wellness management policies and procedures need to be updated to incorporate both(prenominal) of the issues. The health orbit slewnot work isolate. They need to flummox links with the opposite government entities and private entities to collectively experience procedures and policies. To manage the public health support from the general public is extremely essential. There is a worthy intendd structure in the health welkin where all the functionalities atomic number 18 defined and well manage. occupation 11.1 Role of Different agencies fit to the Greener (2008 p. 45) National Health Service (NHS) is the total dead body answerable for the performance of health colligate activities. The chief governor is the Secretary of state for health. He is responsible all the health related activities in the country. All opposite departments and governing bodies argon coming under secretary. Secretary gives worthy guidelines and commands to the separate authorities whatsoever all the drugs management, newfangled researches, disease management related policies and processes. Under the Secretary Department of Health is coming. Department of Health is responsible for the action plan and implementation of the policies defined and to manage the better health of the public. There ar strategic health authorities ar on that point to do the ground work implementation. One category is the primary cargon self-assurance, which consider the communitys health for the emergency and any necessary assistance. There argon comm social unity health service, General practitioners, dentists, pharmacists and opticians. Each of them is responsible to mutation spanking role in terms of public health.The second category is the NHS trust or the secondary c atomic number 18 unit. This is the major section of the health service. Which has interpreted care of hospitals, clinics and other supportive services. As a public health care providers the government funds these and there are few voluntary services organisations who support to manage most of the activities. Hospitals are playing a key role in both keep openion and bring round. Epidemiological vaccinations are provided from the baby birds birth to prevent BCG and there afterward other series of doses to prevent different infections. For the cure as well hospitals play a major role in different treatment methods implementation. Due to the diverseness of the lifestyle of the spate it is highly increasing the no of people who suffer from diabetes. Diabetic research unit is doing re searches and providing guidelines for people how to prevent that kind of diseases as per the findings of Britain (2012 p. 3).1.2 Statistical info compendInfectious diseaseDue to the Wilson (2006 p. 67) Tuberculosis is one of the alerted infection in European countries. Since it needs 6 months continuous treatment people camp out to for demand some eon to take drugs. Due to his if the normal terbium turn into multi drug resistant tuberculosis it is very difficult to cure from knowing medicines. Following statistics show the behaviour, patterns, and trends of tuberculosis.Noninfectious disease agree to Merril and Timmreck (2006 p. 165) Diabetics are the most(prenominal) dangerous non give disease. Once a person got diabetic it is critical beca work with it, high blood pressure, tinder attacks and many other related complications may arise. At the UK rate of diabetic is around 5% of the population. This is again an alarming situation where the lifestyle matter a lot.1.3 effi caciousness of the processes enforcedPrice et al. (2004 p. 78) cite that health research organisation has already planed new developments and strategies to reduce and prevent tuberculosis from the UK. There are many strategies enforced and following are the key areas identified and the success of some of the areas. modernise new vaccine current TB vaccine was developed in 1921. It helps to protect 40,000 children either year. With the high rate of human immunodeficiency virus and receivable to the hotfoot it is counterpane there is a requirement of researching for new vaccines. have more effective drugs Drugs currently using been discovered 40 years ago. normally it need to treat many moths. Patients who are unable to take the proper drug course may get into drug resistance TB.Develop better diagnosis Present method of diagnosis sputum fleck microscopy is 100 years old technique of ordering a patient and it is age consuming. There is a requirement of researching for a n ew method to identify a TB patient.Introduce innovation in TB control Since the UK TB rate is increasing and no of HIV patients are increasing, it is a requirement to find new methods to control TB.To prevent and cure diabetics there are some implementations planed. Below are some of the steps to prevent diabetes in the UK due to the Britain ( 2012 p. 23).Awareness of the risk of type 2 diabetics punt and advice for the people to understate risk of diabetesEducate people who have diabetics to minimise complicationEducate people to maintain blood glucose take aimEffective care for people who are hospitalisedAbove strategies are more forcussing the after effect care. But to prevent any of the disease it is required to prepare people from the childhood. Then automatically the lifestyle of the people depart transport according to the correct health practices. This may be a 20 year estimate. Since the implementation is taking time this kind of a project need to execute from the go vernment level as findings of HNS Website (2012).Task 22.1 Current prioritiesDue to the Farnan and Enriquez (2012 p. 112) the entire world is now facing a bigger problem, which is HIV. There are 3 main ways where HIV cornerstone be infected to other person.Sexual transmission contagious disease through bloodMother to child transmissionIf these 3 risks rat reduce the prevention of HIV is easy. There are some methods which are spelled out to reduce the risk.HIV testingCounsellingCondom useCircumcisionFamily planningSex knowledgeSince there is no proper practice of medicine found yet the best practice is to avoid people getting HIV. For this continues training programmes and advisedness campaigns need to conduct. School children need to educate about the dangers and the prevention methods. All VOG sergeants need to take blood checkups for the pregnant mothers remove sure children are not getting spread. This is the millennium challenge in from of us in this century to control H IV as findings of Ramaiah (2008 p. 62).2.2 Disease prevalenceFarnan and Enriquez (2012 p. 112) say that no of people and patients who are getting some medical testes does not count exact no of people who has suffered from the akin disease. Same time there are many people who are not aware that they have already infected. Therefore the exact no of people needs to calculate using a model, understand the full-of-the-moon effect to the society, and get ready for medication.Most of the diseases public is not aware the actual effect on them. It is necessary to educate them about the effects and synthems of the diastase and soon as feel uncomfortable to meet the GP and get treated. This is the best method of preventing the diseases spreading over the place.2.3 Impact of LifestylePeoples health is depending on their behavioural patterns and lifestyle. This is a proven concept of today for many nauseaes. As an object lesson. Type 2 diabetes feces be easily managed if the people get used to proper health habits and exercises. With the busy schedules of the people time that they have to spend for health maintenance got reduced. It is the biggest challenge the health sector is having now. The second reason is the dining patterns of people. Most of the people are not taking a balanced dilate. This contacts their health in the long term. The next challenge is the people who suppose to come to clinics are not combat-ready those in regular manner. This will break the medication process and for cases similar TB fag prepare serious complications due to this as per findings of Kinger (2005 p. 123).Task 33.1 Health and well be prioritiesAccording to the Bianchi et al. ( 2005 p. 45) considering the health and well being of people there are several factors combine together to chance upon the health of individual much(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) as physical factors, sociological , psychological, frugal and milieual factors.In growth to that there are several antigenic determinants that extend to human health and well being. Mainly they are included physiological factors- malfunction of the body parts, hormonal imbalance, immune system and genetic disorders that exist in the human body are physical factors that incite the health of people. It can be high blood pressure, high cholesterol, releasing railway line hormone as well as genetic factors.The psychological factors- These are factors of psychological , behavioural and cultural that involve the physical health and illness of human . Stress is psychological factor and smoking, alcohol, unsafe sexual activities are behavioural factor that run intos the health and illness due to Taylor (2012 p. 98).Environgenial factors-The environment where people live and work is an environment and sensual environmental factors as well affect the human well being and health such(prenominal) as safe water and environment take aim healthy place. In addition to that some biological, chemical a nd physical environment factors withal affect the health and well being of human.Socioeconomic factors-Education, income, environment are the most outstanding socioeconomic factors that affect the health and well being of human. As an standard higher income and social health make better health. Higher education level link with both myopic and better well being. And alike social factors such as interaction with people, family and friends also important in the facts of Bianchi et al. ( 2005 p. 65).3.2 Effectiveness of strategies, systems and policiesMartin et al. (2010 p. 66) say that strategy is something which are defined by the people sometimes may not have real ground level experience. The policy and the implementation requirements are the factors which need to implement to overcome the issues. However, there can be instances where the ground level implementation is not achievable according to the defined guidelines. This may be due to the economical, social, cultural and b ehavioural patterns of the people. In such situations the policy framework wither not implement or the implementation will be partial. Then the result will be not according to the predictions. The policy framework needs to define for these areas separately and implementation should carry out accordingly to get the utmost gain.3.3 Improve health and well beingTo improve the health and well being it is important to understand the factors which are causing the route. Sometimes social factors such as poverty cause poor health habits and negligence.Physical factorsAccording to Taylor (2012 p. 136) physical factors are high blood pressure, high cholesterol level like things and these can be created due to psychological factors also. In a high work pressure it can create nervous strain as well as increase the blood pressure. Behavioural factors such as eating behaviour can increase the cholesterol levels , start levels as well as carbohydrate levels of the body and it will affect the h ealth and well being of the person. In addition to that genetic factors play a part in health and well being by developing certain illness. People need to make aware of such incidents and make necessary arrangements to treat them with priority.Psychological factorsBrannon and Feist (2009 p. 56) say that most of psychological factors indirectly influence on human health such as changing behaviour of human. It affects the eating, catnaping, socializing of human and it also affect the hormonal changes as well as brass functions such as heart rates. It makes physical health problems such as heart attacks. As an example direction is a psychological determinant and it affect the fund and reduce the efficiency of the immune system. It influences the reduction of white blood cells and cause bacterial infections mailing physical illness in the human.Depression is another psychological factor that affects heart disease. Its impact on h heart and circulatory system function and mark toward s attacks also. In addition to the miss of exercise and excessive use of alcohol, drug abuse like poor habit also related to depression. Insomnia is another psychological factor and causes for that are experts, anxiety, depression and stress. This altered thiamine system and rheumatoid, arthritis like infection can suffer due to that. According to that all these affect the health and well being of human as findings per Rice (2008 p 126).Behavioural factorsJones and Creedy (2012 p. 36) say that for the health and well being of human behaviour also influenced. As an example smoking, drinking drug abusing are behaviours that affect the health. There are several health effects of alcohol consumption. It is damaging most of the body parts.Social economic factorsDue to Glanz et al. (2008 p. 89) poverty is the most important factor that affects the health and well being of people. There is no enough bullion to live and it influences the mental stress conditions and it causes the work ov erload lack of sleep etc. These are the causes of other health diseases such as heart attacks. In addition to that poverty affect the food also. There is no adequate food and due to that can increase the nutritional issues such as malnutrition and other nutrition deficiency diseases. Low income people have no time to prepare a good meal and it also causes nutrition problems. The education level also can less and it also leads to unbalance diet that causes the obesity and other diseases. According to that each and every way it shows that the poverty causes the health and well being of humanity.Environmental factorsAccording to the Winkelman (2008 p. 910 environments that human life and work is a very important determinant of their health and well being. Climate, culture, religion, workplace are environmental factors that important in overall well being. As an example the environment with polluted blood , water will enhance the negative health and clean air and safe water make a posi tive health effect. As well as these the working environment also affects the health and well being of humanity. If working environment is no good it make stress to the human and destroy their satisfaction due to other workers and conditions of work environment. separate factorsAccording to the Windsor (2000 p. 98) Social factors such as family background, friends, working members also affect on the health and well being of human. It is related to good relationships and make happy and it affects the mental health of human. In addition to that biology and genetics also other health and well being determined. As an example certain diseases and health conditions from a parent can affect their child and also the behaviour of parent can effect to the child such as stress and mental conditions.Due to the Fisher (2003 p. 95) culture is another factor determine the health and well being because due to some cultural tends also it destroy heath of human. As an example due to some cultures th ere can be bad feeding habits and believes and it can cause for health and well being of people. Gender is another important factor that affects the health and well being. As and example there can be same diseases in some stages of female than male. And also belongings capacity of stress is less in female than the males. This leads to week mental health of female than the male and it is a major determinant.3.4 Activities need implement to improve health and social careAccording to Martin et al. (2010 p. 89) there are certain processor to implement as precautionary actions to control spreading health diseases. It is recommended to start health camps from the school level, where the vaccinations and related health camps can be conducted to maintain the school children health. The next most important practise of people is elderly community. According to social security information think visits need to arrange weekly or monthly to check the health status of these people.One of the be st practice to control diseases coming to the country is to manage it from the border control. Department of health need to work unless closely with immigrations to implement the set guidelines to minimise people coming from infected countries or countries.ConclusionHealth sector controls the entire economy in one angle. Because if the people are not well they may not be able to contribute to the economy. In this assignment health sector organisational hiearcahy identified with the roles of each entity. Some of the infectious and noninfectious diseases analysed with statistical data and key elements of improvements to control procedures and their issues being identified. Country and the world facing the change of HIV. Some of the information and procedures mentioned to control health related issues and practical difficulties. benignant related wellbeing factors and the most alarming situations explained and solutions to overcome those issues identified. There are some better imple mentations required to further increase the health of the public.

Research into Phonological Mean Length of Utterance (pMLU)

Research into phonological compressed Length of Utterance (pMLU)particular proposition linguistic process impairment (SLI) is a disorder defined by excision. tykeren with SLI butt on lyric poem difficulties in the absence of other factors, such as auditory modality loss, affable impairment, physical impairment, emotional disturbance, or environmental deprivation (Bishop, 1992a, 1992b Lubert, 1981). Children with SLI have bar acquiring one or more of the components of langu season, i.e. plaster cast (phonemics, morphology, and syntax), content (semantics), and occasion (pragmatics). The field of phonological achievement has made extensive efforts to account its education through normative studies (Templin, 1957 Olmstead, 1971) and part tests (Hodsen Paden, 1991). Earlier, the research focus was on sicness of consonants as sanitary as the analysis of segments in general. Recently the safe and sound enunciate complexity has been stressed (Masterson Kamhi, 1992, Ingra m, 2002). One such quantity is the phonological mean length of utterance (pMLU). It is a social unit word judge for measuring phonological development (Ingram,2002). It measures the length of a sm entirely frys rowing and the issuance of correct consonants. The pMLU for a linguistic process sample is calculated by (1) retrieve step forward the re lift of segments (consonants and vowels) in individually word as produced by the infant (2) counting the offspring of consonants produced in to each one word that the babe produced accurately (3) summing these two add togethers (4) totaling these sums and (5) dividing this total by the total number of quarrel in the sample. pMLU quantifies development of phonology and focuses on the childrens whole-word productions instead of specific segments. Ingram demonstrates the hold dear of the pMLU measure by applying it wide station of contexts.NEED FOR THE STUDYAlthough pMLU has been turn to in habitual as s puff up as ph onological disorders and cochlear implanted children, the alike(p) is not focussed on children with SLI. Since PMLU is a whole word measure, problems in phonology and morphosyntax are expected to reduce the score. because PMLU idler be used to check over the difficulties if any in phonology and morphosyntax of children with SLI. Hence the present study was planned.AIM OF THE STUDY To compare the pMLU of children with SLI in comparison with typically develop Kannada speaking children.METHOD This study followed a case incorporate design. Participants were divided into 2 root words. Clinical conclave comprised of sextette individuals (5 males 1 female) with SLI in the be on range of 4 to 6 years. The diagnosing of SLI was do on the basis of Leonards exclusionary criteria and the informal sagaciousness of morpho-syntax by the ancient investigator. The control group comprised of age matched 30 children out of which 15 were males and 15 females. Exclusion criteria considere d were vernacular, language, hearing and neurological problems. A minimum of 50 off-the-cuff speech utterances were elicited from each child for a duration of 30 to 40 minutes which was audio recorded apply SONY recorder.The childrens utterances were narrow set down and pMLU was calculated for each word produced by the child. The sum of each word in all the utterances were totalled and divided by the number of words produced by the child to obtain the pMLU scores. pMLU was calculated for all the children in twain the groups. Mann Whitney U test was administered to find out the signifi discharget differences betwixt the means of both the groups.RESULTS The results of the Mann Whitney U probe revealed a statistically significant difference between the means of pMLU scores across the group at p intervention pMLU is a whole-word measure for phonological development. The results of the present study revealed that the pMLU scores for the children with SLI were land in comparison to children with everyday language development. This could be attributed to the increased number of incorrect consonants in the speech of clinical group when compared to the control group.The go down in pMLU scores in the clinical group could similarly be due to the deficit in the use of morphosyntax as these children were having morphosyntactic errors. This in turn suggests that children with SLI are inferior in the acquisition of segments and in their whole-word phonological improvement to typically maturation children. As this pMLU measure allow ins the number of segments in a word, pMLU can be used to indicate morphosyntactic abnormalities in children with SLI. This tool can to a fault serve as an aid for monitoring the progress of a child when assessed pre and post therapeutically.CONCLUSION The present study investigated pMLU in children with SLI in the age range of 4-6 years. The results revealed that children with SLI are inferior in the acquisition of segments includi ng morphemes as well as in their whole-word phonological growth than the typically ontogenesis children. Hence, pMLU measure could be regarded as a yardstick for phonological and morphosyntactic development in children with SLI.INTRODUCTIONSLI is a disorder defined by exclusion. Children with SLI exhibit language difficulties in the absence of other factors, such as hearing loss, mental impairment, physical impairment, emotional disturbance, or environmental deprivation (Bishop, 1992a, 1992b Lubert, 1981). specific language impairment (SLI) has been estimated to affect approximately 7 percent of children (Leonard, 1998 Tomblin et al., 1997) and to stomach into adolescence (Aram et al., 1984 Beitchman et al., 1996 Stothard et al., 1998Johnson et al., 1999). Children with SLI have difficulty acquiring one or more of the components of language, i.e. form (phonology, morphology, and syntax), content (semantics), and use (pragmatics).However, as a group they show disproportional diff iculty with some field of views, performing worse than typically growth children matched on vocabulary level or mean length of utterance. Several authors (eg, Leonard et al.,1992 strain et al., 1995 Rice and Wexler, 1996 Oetting and Horohov, 1997 van der Lely and Ullman, 2001) observe that this is particularly the case in the area of verb morphology and it has also been inform in some areas of syntax, including the comprehension of peaceable sentences (Bishop, 1979 van der Lely and Harris, 1990 van der Lely, 1996) and formation of wh-questions (Leonard 1995 van der Lely and Battell, 2003).The field of phonological acquisition has made extensive efforts to measure its development through normative studies (Templin, 1957 Olmstead, 1971) and articulation tests (Hodsen Paden, 1991). Earlier studies have focused on correctness of consonants as well as the analysis of segments in general. Recent studies have focused on the whole word complexity (Masterson Kamhi, 1992, Ingram, 2002) . One such measure is the Phonological mean length of utterance (PMLU). It is a whole word measure for measuring phonological proficiency (Ingram, 2002). It measures the length of a childs words and the number of correct consonants. The PMLU for a speech sample is calculated by (1) counting the number of segments (consonants and vowels) in each word as produced by the child (2) counting the number of consonants produced in each word that the child produced accurately (3) summing these two numbers (4) totaling these sums and (5) dividing this total by the total number of words in the sample. PMLU quantifies development of phonology and focuses on the childrens whole-word productions instead of specific segments. Ingram demonstrates the valuate of the PMLU measure by applying it in a wide range of contexts. These include a comparison of monolingual children, a comparison across languages, and the diagnosing of impairment or delay. Very few studies have addressed the PMLU in different languages. One such study is by Ingram (2002) who proposed preliminary PMLU stages, reflecting the doable level of development in English speaking children which are as follows.Helin, Makkonen Kunnari (2006) reported that PMLU was much higher in Finnish speaking children than those reported for children acquiring English. Balasubramanium bhat (2009) reported the same in kannada speaking typically developing children. Other studies have focused PMLU on the disordered population. Schauwers, Taelman, Gillis Govierts (2005) reported write down PMLU scores in children with cochlear implant than age matched typically developing peers and they also concluded that the earlier implanted children were more proficient than the later(prenominal) implanted children. Prasad, Hossabetu, Balasubramanium Bhat (2010) studied phonological mean length of utterance in children with phonological disorder and they reported, children with phonological disorder are inferior in the acquisition of seg ments as well as in their whole-word phonological proficiency than the typically developing children.NEED FOR THE STUDYAlthough pMLU has been addressed in normal as well as phonological disorders and cochlear implanted children, the same is not focussed on children with SLI. Since PMLU is a whole word measure, problems in phonology and morphosyntax are expected to reduce the score. Hence PMLU was used to investigate the difficulties if any in phonology and morphosyntax of children with SLI. Hence the present study was attempt in this direction.AIM OF THE STUDY To compare the pMLU of children with SLI in comparison with typically developing Kannada speaking children.METHODParticipantsThe study followed a case control design. Participants were divided into 2 groups i-e the control group and clinical group. Clinical group comprised of six individuals (5 males 1female) with specific language impairment in the age range of 3 to 6 years. The control group comprised of age matched 30 chi ldren out of which 15 were males and 15 females. The diagnosis of specific language impairment was done on the basis of Leonards exclusionary criteria and the informal assessment of morpho-syntax by the primary investigator. The exclusion criteria for the controls were the history of speech, language, neurological and hearing problems.ProcedureIn order to assess the phonological mean length of utterance, spontaneous speech utterances were elicited from each child for duration of 30 to 40 minutes. Samples consisted of minimum of 50 utterances. The experimenter served as a conversational partner and introduced the child to age appropriate toys and questions. The samples were obtained in an informal setting within the school premises for the control group and in the therapy premises for the clinical group. Audio recording was done using a portable Sony Recorder in a relatively muffled environment. The words were accepted for analysis according to the rules suggested by Ingram and Ingr am which are mentioned in the table mentioned in appendix. The childrens production of utterances was narrow transcribed and PMLU was calculated for each child. For each word, the number of segments (consonants and vowels) as produced by the child was counted and summed with the number of correct consonants in a word. The sum of each word in all the utterances of a single subject were totaled and divided by the number of words produced by the child to obtain the PMLU scores. Mann Whitney U test was administered to find out the significant differences between the means of both the groups.RESULTS The results of the Mann Whitney U Test revealed a statistically significant difference between the means of pMLU scores across the group at pGroup StatisticsDISCUSSIONpMLU is a whole-word measure for phonological development and is used to investigate the difficulties if any in phonology and morphosyntax. The present study compared the pMLU of children with SLI in comparison with typically de veloping Kannada speaking children. The results of the study revealed that the pMLU scores for the children with SLI were lower in comparison to children with normal language development. This could be attributed to the increased number of incorrect consonants in the speech of clinical group when compared to the control group as these children were neutralizing the sound contrasts and also exhibiting syllable reduction strategies. Whether it is syllable structure reduction or sound contrast neutralization, it reduces the overall pMLU score. As children with SLI are inferior in the acquisition of segments as well as in their whole-word phonological proficiency than the typically developing children, phonological errors are reflected in the pMLU scores. Hence it can be concluded that pMLU reflects on the phonological errors.The results of the present study are in consonance with findings that the developments of phonology in children with SLI are much later in comparison to typically developing children (Balasbramanium Bhat, 2009) and also that children with phonological disorder are inferior in the acquisition of segments as well as in their whole-word phonological proficiency than the typically developing children (Prasad, Hossabetu, Balasubramanium Bhat 2010). Hence, pMLU can be used as an assessment tool for children with SLI as this provides an objective assessment tool in the evaluation process.The decrease in pMLU scores in the clinical group could also be due to the deficit in the use of morphosyntax as these children were having morphosyntactic errors. This in turn suggests that children with SLI are inferior in the acquisition of morphemic segments when compared to typically developing children. As this pMLU measure includes the number of segments in a word, pMLU can be used to indicate morphosyntactic abnormalities in children with SLI. This tool can also serve as an aid for monitoring the progress of a child when assessed pre and post therapeutic ally.CONCLUSIONThe present study investigated pMLU in children with SLI in the age range of 4-6 years. The results revealed that children with SLI are inferior in the acquisition of segments including morphemes as well as in their whole-word phonological proficiency than the typically developing children. Hence, pMLU measure could be regarded as a yardstick for phonological and morphosyntactic development in children with SLI.REFERENCESAram, D. M., Ekelman, B. L., Nation, J. E. (1984). Preschoolers with language disorders 10 years later. daybook of livery and Hearing Research, 27, 232-244.Beitchman, J., Wilson, B., Brownlie, E. B., Walters, H., Lancee, W. (1996). long-term consistency in speech/language profiles I. Developmental and academic outcomes. ledger of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 35, 804-817.Bowen, C. (1998). Developmental phonological disorders A practical guide for families and teachers. Melbourne The Australian Council for Educational R esearch Ltd.Bishop, D. V. M. (1979). erudition in developmental language disorders. Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 21, 225-38.Bishop, D. V. M. (1992a). Comprehension problems in children with specific language impairment Literal and inferential meaning. daybook of delivery and Hearing Research, 35, 119-129.Helin, K., Makkonen, T., Kunnari, S. (2006). The Phonological mean length of utterance the methodological challenge from cross linguistic perspectives. journal of Child Language, 33, 179-190.Hodson, B., Paden, E. (1991). Targetting Intelligible speech a phonological approach to remediation. Austin TX Pro-edition.Ingram, D. (2002). The measurement of whole-word productions. Journal of Child Language, 29, 713-733.Johnson, C. J., Beitchman, J. H., Young, A., Escobar, M., Atkinson, L., Wilson, B., Brownlie, E. B., Douglas, L., Tback, N., Lam, I., Wang, M. (1999). Fourteenyear follow-up of children with and without speech/language impairments Speech/language stability and outcomes. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 42, 744-760.Lakkanna, S., Venkatesh, K., Bhat, J. (2007). Assessment of language development. Mangalore Codeword processors.Leonard, L.B., mcgregor, K.K., Allen, G.D. (1992). Grammatical morphology and speechperception in children with specific language impairment. Journal of Speech and hearingresearch, 35, 1076-1085Leonard, L. B. 1995 Functional categories in the grammars of children with particular language impairment, Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 38, 1270-83.Leonard, L. B. (1998). Children with specific language impairment. Cambridge, MA Bradford.Lubert, N. (1981). Auditory perceptual impairments in children with specific language disorders A go over of the literature. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders, 46, 3-29.Masterson, J., Kamhi, A. (1992). Linguistic interrelationships in school age children with and without language disorders. Journal of speech and Hearing Research, 35, 64-75.Olmstead, D. (1971). O ut of the mouth of babes. The Hague Mouton.Oetting, J., Horohov, J. (1997). past(a) tense marking in chldren with and without specific Language impairment. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 40, 62-74.Polite, J ., and Leonard, B. (2006). Finite verb morphology and phonological length in the speech of children with specific language impairment. Clinical Linguistics Phonetics, 20, 751-760.Radish, B., Jayashree, S. (2009). Phonological Mean Length of Utterance (Pmlu) in Kannada-Speaking Children. Language in India, 9, 489-502.Rice, M.L., Wexler, K., Cleave, P.L. (1995). Specific language impairment as a period of extended elective infinitive. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 38, 850-863.Rice, M. Wexler, K. (1996). A phenotype of specific language impairment. In M. Rice (Ed.), Toward a genetics of language, pp. 215-238. Mahwah, NJ Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc.Stothard, S. E., Snowling, M., Bishop, D. V. M., Chipchase, B. B., Kaplan, C. A. (1998). Language stricke n preschoolers A follow-up into adolescence. Journal of Speech, Language and Hearing Research, 41, 407-418.Templin, M. (1957). Certain language skills in children. Minneapolis, MN University of Minnesota press.Taelman, H., Durieux, G., Gillis, S. (2005). Notes on Ingrams whole-word measures for phonological development. Journal of Child Language, 32, 391-405.Tomblin, J. B., Records, N. L., Buckwalter, P., Zhang, X., Smith, E., OBrien, M (1997). Prevalence of specific language impairment in kindergarten children. Journal of Speech Hearing Research, 40(6), 1245-1260. van der Lely, H. K. J. Harris, M. 1990 Comprehension of reversible sentences in specifically language-impaired children. Journal of Speech and Hearing Disorders 55, 101-17.Van der Lely, H. K. J. 1996 Specifically language impaired and normally developing children Verbal passive vs adjectival passive sentence interpretation, Lingua, 98, 243-72.Van der lely, H. K. J. Ullman M. T. (2001) Past tense morphology in specifi cally language impaired and normally developing children. Language and Cognitive Processes, 16 177-217.Van der Lely, H. K. J. Battell, J. (2003) Wh-movement in childrenWith grammatical SLI a test of the RDDR hypothesis, Language 79,153-81.

Essay --

CHAPTER 3STATUS OF MENTAL HEALTH CARE operational IN THE COUNTRYPeople affected by psychic wellness conditions are forced to hide their illness to avoid discrimination, which they might be subjected to in all aspects of their lives, even in healthcare settings where they receive poorer graphic symbol care. This is one of the reasons why mickle with mental health conditions live shorter lives. But, near tragic of all are the frank human rights abuses, from eviction, to chaining, and to violence, endured by people in their homes, in mental hospitals and in traditional healing centres. It is no surprise that a substantial proportion of the homeless in Indias cities are affected by a mental health condition. (Vikram Patel, statute law the Right to Care for Mental Illness)Vikram Patel believes that the sophisticated and complicated psychiatry scares more people. His agenda is to demystify the mental health. Community based epidemiological studies obligate estimated the life-time prevalence of mental disorders to range from 122% to 486%, according to the WHO Mental Health GAP Action Programme. Data for India yield a prevalence of 200 cases per 1,00,000 people for schizophrenia and bi-polar disorder, respectively, while trey in 10,000 people experience an episode of acute psychosis every year. Additionally, 1% of people relieve oneself severe mental disorders. The Ministry of Health and Family Welfare estimates that 67% of Indias population suffers from a mental disorder. (http//www.thelancet arch.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)62083-1/fulltext)This is conjugate with the fact that the vast majority of mentally ill and their families do not have their mental condition recognised and do not have access to the right kind of treatments. A wide range... ...HM), Indias flagship initiative to immix vertical health programmes under one umbrella, has yet to be achieved.(http//www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(10)62083-1/fullte xt )Presently, most of the rural population approach traditional healers(religious saints,tantriks(black magicians), unregistered medical practitioners, and quacks) for treating mental health problems. The so-called therapy, conducted by witch doctors or family members, can include chaining up the mentally ill, chanting spells, poking them with pins, or beating them to force the evil spirits out.Serious response mechanisms to rein in the dismissal state of mental health in India need to be urgently undertaken. The following chapter would deal with this structure that, which when implemented, would ensure an earnest redressalof lacunae of mental health in the country.

Baseball and American Popular Culture :: Baseball Sports Athletics American Culture Essays

Baseball is an integral part of American issue culture. legion(predicate) Americans grow up with baseball, playing it before they can sluice count all the bases. It is glorified, taught, and fed to us. When we play baseball, we find a attentiveness for the hazard. The respect we gain from playing it has turned the game into a custom of American culture. It has formed itself into the business of professional baseball, namely major group discussion baseball. Professional players have become recognized all over the world. They argon sought out and admired by fans. Because of their popularity, these players have written books, endorsed mercenary products, and found successful and rewarding careers by playing a game. gibe to Wallup, author of Baseball An Informal History, baseball has been apart of our culture since the middle to late nineteenth century(Wallup, p16). Our great grandparents, grandparents, and parents have been brought up with it and our parents teach the looseness to us. When the notion of baseball comes to mind, a feeling of nostalgia and tradition come to me. Many of my feelings and memories originate from my childhood. I remember a beautiful summer day. My pappa and I arrived at the baseball stadium to watch the game. We walked up the cover walkway inside the stadium. The concrete walls and floors do my surroundings drab and grey. Finally, we made it to entrance into the stadium. I came out of the dark tunnels into the bright sunlight. The first affair to catch my eye was the vivid rush of color. Underneath the fluffy unobjectionable clouds and their deep blue canvas, I could look down and see players in vibrant red and blue uniforms warming up for the game. The well-watered grass on the field was a brighter green than any other grass I had seen. The outfield seemed to be so perfect. It appeared that each blade had been cut by hand. The distinctness of the infield, where the dark, watered-down dirt met the intensely green grass was a precise and absolved contrast. We sat down and I took in my surroundings. There were men move up and down the stairs selling various concessions. They had peanuts, beer, soda, ice cream, popcorn, and many other tempting treats. The players soon finished their warm-ups and the crowd became frenzied with excitement. The game was about to start. Baseball has its own traditions in America and playing the field of study anthem is one of them.

The Myth of a Classless America Essay -- Wealth Society Culture Racism

The Myth of a Classless America The myth of a classless American society coupled with social stratification impedes head for the hills relations in the U.S. far more than any racial differences. The never remnant struggle of the crap-nots to become one of the haves produces a frustration and opinion of oppression that acts as a catalyst for spawning racial tensions. Minorities inspect the bulk of riches in the hands of the white population and feel that the wealth is unevenly distributed. Whites hear of government programs for minorities and feel as if they argon futile or upright looking for a handout. This totals and stereotypes are formed. Combine either of this with the United States system of dual welfareand the perfect environment for racial strife is created. In our classlesssociety of false hope the running(a) class and misfortunate are continually seeking opportunities to excel that just arent there. They have been led to believe that intelligence and amb ition are get word contributors to ones success. This belief lays blame on the unsuccessful themselves, even if they do be possessed of ambition and intelligence. These race are in a never break offing cycle of struggle, followed by minimal rewards, which eventually produces a frustration that sometimes leads to desperate measures. Cornell West expands on this with the following statement . . . homicidal assaults by young black men on one another are only the most obvious signs of this empty bay for pleasure, property, and power (Race and racial discrimination p.123). This statement shows the extremes one will go to in his empty quest for a better life. This is not only accident to blacks by blacks. It is happening to all races by all races. People hear of events same these and reason them as a racial crime or a racially motivated crime just because the victims may be of a antithetical race. As Wests statement demonstrates the killings occur as a means to an end, the end being a better life. In our ever diversifying melting crazyweed of a country, same race victim and criminal crimes are worthy less and less statisti pressy likely anyway. Events such as these dont occur because of race. They occur because of the frustration and desperation bred by the false hope that inviolable work and determination leads to success. It is no mystery that most of the flush(p) people in America are white. West again points out (Race and racialism p.... ... amount that they pay in is equal to the amount that Bill render pays in. Theres something about this whole system that just doesnt seem proportionately correct. It seems like the percentage sacrificed should be the same across the board. All the examples I have given may seem like this paper is about the wealthy and the poor, and not about racial differences in the United States. If it does there is a reason for that. The upper class or super rich, whichever you want to call them, receive more benef its than the poor. The upper class is mainly white and the poor and working class are a mixture of all races. This gives the display that assistance is based on race, when its not. It is based on class. People see these events and make generalizations and this in turn leads to racial tension. If steps are interpreted to make classless America a reality, then these racial tensions would ease. work Cited Langston, Donna. Class and Inequality. Race , Class, and Gender . 20 January 2000.Belmont, CA Wadsworth Publishing association 1998.West, Cornell. Race and Racism. Race, Class, And Gender . 9 January 2000.Belmont, CA Wadsworth Publishing Company 1998.

Internal and External Violence Essay examples -- Violent Violence Inte

Internal and External Violence limited time periods, much(prenominal) as World War II, and the Post-Civil War time bring to mind images of hate, death, and wildness. Not solely orthogonal vehemence or madness that is carried out, such as murders, war, or blatant displays of violence such as those in Ellisons Battle Royal, exactly infixed violence as well. Internal violence is more virtually the mind, a violence of emotion, though internal violence is closely linked to immaterial violence. They be linked not further because external violence causes internal violence, merely also because of the reverse. This is seen in the works of Ellison, Borowski, OConnor, and DeLillo.In A dependable Man is Hard to Find, OConnor shows the effects of internal violence compared to external violence. On one hand you have the family members that are brought off to be killed. The only thing the author lets the reader know about their raft is a solitary scream when the mother, dau ghter, and baby are taken a expression. However, for the replete(p) time that the family is being held hostage, the grandmother is talking to TheMisfit. She shows how people react to the internal violence of a stressful, and fatal ordeal. She pleads with The Misfit not to save her grandchildrens lives, not her son anddaughter-in-laws lives, but only her own. She has no fear for anyone but herself and isconsumed by the need to preserve her life. She tries everything she can to get The Misfitto spare her. She tries to impel him that he is of good blood, and could never kill alady such as her self. She even tries to get him to turn to God for help. Of course no(prenominal) of this works but it makes a point. It makes the point that when faced with the fear of external violence, people will do any... ...iolence is about. Its about fear, and helplessness because you realize that you as well can die, and there is nothing you can do about it. all day you can watch the news and see exam ples of violence. Its all over, andeveryone has seen it. It seems that at least every few months there is another high teach shooting where a teen rages against the society they live in the only way they know how, through violence, both internal and external. Internal because of the way they change the lives of those who live through the ordeal, and have the rest of their lives to think about how they saw their best friend get shot in tutor one day. External violence is directly related to internal violence because extreme violence, in person, scares people. Works CitedCharters, Ann, Comp. The Story And Its Writer. Bedford/St. Martins Boston and juvenileYork, 1999.

The Hunting of the President :: President Bill Clinton

The Hunting of the President presented an argument by enkindle Thomason and Nickolas Perry that from 1990 to 2000 a group of people were committed to destroying the reputation of William (Bill) Jefferson Clinton. Through plump out testimonials, the claim is that this group of well-funded individuals as well as media attempted to accomplish from Clintons alleged misfortunes.The film begins with a narration that took place somewhat ten days before the 1992 presidential election, Andrew Cooper, a reporter from unexampled Zealand, is approached by a man named Everett Hamm. According to Cooper, who explains his horizontal surface to the television camera, Hamm explained that he was a part of a group called the Alliance for the Rebirth for an Independent the States (ARIA). The right-wing, well-funded organization, Cooper claimed, was dedicated to discrediting the Clinton family by any means possible. The filmmakers show a tall, bald-headed, burly man with a lot of shadow over his o rganisation to portray Hamm has a monstrous individual. Hamm and his well-known co-partner, lawyer Cliff Jackson, aforethought(ip) to do everything they could to hurt Clintons reputation.The filmmakers secernate that in 1988, the state of are hired an ex-jingle producer as a marketing representative by the name of Larry Nichols. The film makes it known that after it was discovered that Nichols was using his state office and resources to help fund the contras in Nicaragua, Governor Clinton fired Nichols. quaternity years later, in 1992, Star Magazine paid Nichols $50,000 for his story that Clinton had trip out with a group of women while Governor in the state of Arkansas. The camera immediately shows the front cover of Star Magazine and Nichols story about Clinton. All the women denied the affair happened, except one woman by the name of Gennifer Flowers. Flowers publicly claimed that she and Clinton had a 12-year relationship. The film presents Flowers standing at a podium wher e she t one-time(a) the press about her alleged affair with Clinton. However, the woman who happened to be a former recording artist at Nichols old recording studio eventually changed her story.The filmmakers also state that in disdainful 1993, two Arkansas troopers alleged that Clinton asked them to cover up numerous extracurricular liaisons while he was Governor. They were represented by a former Oxford class fellow of Clinton, Cliff Jackson. It is believed that the troopers had two motives for their allegations. Jackson told the troopers that he would cut them in on everything from magazine features to movie deals.

Henrik Ibsens A Dolls House Essay -- Henrik Ibsen Dolls House Essay

Henrik Ibsens A Dolls postPlot and Sub-plotsThe play begins on Christmas Eve of the late 19th century, in theliving room of a middle class family, the Helmers. Nora is the female prolong role in this play who is treated very child-like by her hubby,Torvald. He appears to ware taken over her fathers role which inturn allows their marriage to be built on unstable foundations andalthough some(prenominal) parties have each others best interests in mind, it is pardon to the audience from the start that the relationship haselements of head game that could possibly be destructive.As the play opens Nora enters with a contented disposition, settingd induce parcels after a constructive days shopping. A porter brings in aChristmas shoe manoeuver so the audience immediately registers that the playtakes part in the cheery season which blend ins more signifi back tootht as theplay continues as the tree will be symbolic of the relation betweenHelmer and his wife. Ibsen allows the audience t o hitch already thatNora apprize be quite frivolous with money due(p) to her many parcels and hergenerous tipping of the porter. The stage directions describe her astiptoeing across to her husbands door which shows her childishtemperament as she does not deficiency to be heard, and her eating themacaroons becomes more significant as the scene progresses whenTorvald interrogates her close doing so and she outright denies itgiving the audience an insight on her deception which obviouslydevelops as the play continues. When Torvald enters the room she quickly hides the macaroons and theaudience let out of his promotion as bank manager so they speak of howthey can be slightly more extravagant, this gives Helmer theopportunity to condescend her using phr... ...gstad containing the I.O.U. of Nora. Torvald sees this as themboth being saved from the humiliation he would have suffered had ithave leaked out but Nora can see past this and knows that enough isenough. careless(predicate) of being forgiven by Torvald he still treats herlike child, Just tip off on me, I shall counsel you. I shall guideyou. It is here that Nora can see fully how she is treated andexpresses her discontent for being fathered by her own father thenbeing passed on and treated identically by her own husband. Sherealises that it is necessary for her to go out into the world withouthis molly-coddling, mature and become a woman in the true sense ofthe word. She leaves him as unhappily the miracle of miracles did nothappen for her, he did not change the way he needed to and with thatthe last occurrence of the play is the door slamming behind her.

A Worn Path :: essays research papers

A Tattered TrailA Worn alley by Eudora Welty, is the tale of the unstoppable love and care of a grandmother for her grandchild. The main character in the score, phoenix Jackson, is an octogenarian black woman who makes a long journey into town to get medicine for her grisly grandson. Despite the many obstacles capital of Arizona encounters along her journey, goal helps her to continue. I go out analyze A Worn row by Eudora Welty in terms of symbolism and characters. First, I will analyze A Worn highroad by Eudora Welty in terms of symbolism. One way symbolism was shown in the story was by the obstacles Phoenix encounters along her journey. The first obstacle Phoenix faces is when she gets herself tangled in a bush, and she does not want to tear her dress. Phoenix begins to take to the bush saying, Thorns, you doing your appointed work. Never want to let folks pass, no sir (Welty 389). Eventually, she frees herself from the bush. Old eyes thought you was a pretty sup erficial green bush (Welty 389). This shows that you should not judge from the outside and that things are not always, what they seem to be. Another obstacle she faces is when she meets the barbed wire fence. She begins to speak to herself, she could not pay for having her arm or leg sawed off if she got caught fast where she was(Welty 390). Again, determination helps her to continue. Phoenixs name also shows symbolism. As Wesley 2 nigh critics have noted, Phoenix Jacksons first name associate her to the Egyptian myth of the bird that renews itself periodically from its own ashes(Bartel 45). In addition, the likes of her name, Phoenix seems ageless. When she stops to drink water from the spring she says, Nobody be intimate who made this well, for it was here when I was born(Welty 391). When she encounters the hunter and he asks her how old she is she says, There is no telling, mister, said, no telling (Welty 392). Again her age is accentuate when she goes to the doctors office a nd the nurse ask her why she neer went to school. I never did go to school, I was too old at the Surrender (Welty 394). Secondly, I will analyze A Worn Path, by Eudora Welty in terms of characters. The main character in the story is Phoenix Jackson.

psychology: male eating disorders :: essays research papers

Eating Disorders are psychological disorders that result from a drive to be thin. They are disordered down into three categories, anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and binge-ali handstation disorder. Anorexia nervosa is diagnosed according to the DSM-III-R in individuals with body cant that is significantly lower than the norm, extremely concerned with weight and circumstance, distorted self-image, and an absence seizure of three consecutive menstrual periods, in women. Bulimia Nervosa is diagnosed according to the DSM-III-R in individuals who beget recurrent binge eating episodes, have weight and shape concerns, have a lack of control over such(prenominal) behavior, and have compensatory behaviors (e.g., vomiting, fasting, mis map of laxatives, or excessive exercise). Binge eating disorder has ofttimes of the same criteria as Bulimia Nervosa with the exception of the compensatory behaviors.      This study has several goals. First, the authors liken men with eating disorders to women with eating disorders, specifically to find clinical similarities. Because eating disorders are considered rare in men, the authors set out to investigate the differences amid the two sexes. Second, the authors wanted to find differences in men with eating disorders and general men. The authors also set out to find a representative try that would provide the greatest validity. Concentrating on men with eating disorders, the authors also were feel for a correlation between eating disorders and other psychological disorders, such as affective disorder, anti-social personality disorder, and substance abuse. On the subject of intimate orientation, the authors explain, "...although an obvious area of investigation, (sexual orientation) was deemed too sensitive a topic for a government-sponsored survey and unfortunately was not assessed". METHOD     Subjects      Sixty-two men showdown the DSM-III-R criter ia of an eating disorder, 212 women with equivalent eating disorders, and a control group of 3,769 men who had no presence of an eating disorder.     Measures     Community survey. Random houses were selected in Ontario. From each household an individual aged fifteen years and older was elect at random and then administered the Mental health Supplement to the Ontario Health Survey. The individual was then asked to submit written informed consent prior to the interview. A sample size of 9, 953 individuals was obtained by these means.     Subject reduction. Using the University of Michigans translation of the World Health Organization Composite International Diagnostic Interview, the subjects were contract down. During this process, individuals were interviewed for one to two hours by trained interviewers. The subjects were assessed for anxiety disorders, substance use and or abuse, affective disorders, anti-social person ality disorder, and of course eating disorders.

Comparing Ridley Scotts Blade Runner and Philip K. Dicks Do Androids

Comparing Ridley Scotts Blade Runner and Philip K. Dicks Do Androids ambitiousness of Electric Sheep? How do we know that we are human and, if we are human, what does it ungenerous to be human? These two philosophical inquiries are explored in abundant depth in Ridley Scotts motion picture Blade Runner, and of course the school text of Philip K. Dicks wonderful novel Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep? on which the film is based. Most would agree that these themes exist in the novel, moreover a handful of critics and academics have some doubt as to their presence in the film. If unrivaled examines both the film and the text, one will realize that they both shell out to support the same motifs, but do so in contrasting fashions. Many critics argue that the awesome visuals overwhelm the contents of the plot and theme, but I argue that the visuals depicting Los Angeles in the year 2019 help to overture the themes. Viewers often miss the human side of the story or lack there o f, and may object to the strong visuals for this reason. It can be argued that the visuals serve to portray a dehumanized world where only crafty signs of humanitys existence are dispersed throughout, where existentialist notions such as what be human is and what being human means are not good answered.To briefly summarize the plot, Harrison Ford stars as Rick Deckard, a bull from the future (blade runner) who tracks down and veils replicants, which are basic tout ensembley artificially created human beings. In other films, they are usually referred to as androids. Specifically, his assignment is to find and kill five replicants who have escaped from an off-world colony and come to earth. The most evoke parts of Blade Runner are Deckards interactions with the various replicants, especially Ra... ... too feel sympathy for Deckard. The film illustrates that both are in a struggle to become more human, Deckard because he is slowly losing his humanity, and the androids because t hey have neer had the experience of humanity, but desire it. This sympathy for both entities further reinforces the dishonor that Scott is creating between the android and the human. Because the film does this so effectively, we can easily supplicate the question, what makes a human more deserving of life than an android?Essentially, when all is said and done, Blade Runner is really a film almost questions, questions that we should ask ourselves of humanity. What is a human? What does it mean to be human? Do humans have more of a right to life than replicants? keep up humans and androids become the same thing? It is not so of import that one answers these questions, but that he or she asks them.