The Catcher In The Rye By J.D. Salinger, 1945 Essays - Fiction

The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, 1945 The Catcher in the Rye by J.D. Salinger, 1945 4 Main Characters: Holden Caulfield-A youthful young person who is kicked out of Pencey High in view of a few comes up short and an absence of inspiration. He abstains from telling his folks of his failings and meanders the lanes of New York. He is befuddled, just as stubborn. Phoebe Caulfield-The more youthful sister of Holden. They have a decent relationship, and she doesn't need him to live her. Stradlater-This attractive competitor is the flat mate of Holden at Pencey High. Holden discovers him irritating. Robert Ackley-This is another understudy at Pencey that Holden finds very irritating. Ackley is irritated by everything, particularly Stradlater. 2 Minor Characters: D. B. Caulfield-He is the more established sibling of Holden. He lives in the West; Hollywood, California. He is an author. Holden specifies him a few times. Jane Gallagher-Stradlater goes on a date with her, and she used to be a companion of Holden. 3 Main Settings: Pencey Prep-This is the secondary school that Holden has quite recently been kicked out of. A couple of the parts take place here. D.B's. room-After sneaking into his own home, Holden goes through the night in his abandoned sibling's room. The zoo-At the zoo, Holden takes Phoebe to the merry go round and feels the most joyful he has felt in quite a while. Plot: The books begins with Holden Caulfield simply having been kicked out of Pencey Prep School since he bombs his classes. To abstain from telling his folks, he leaves Pencey without letting them know, and meanders the roads of New York. Holden turns out to be desolate and wishes to converse with his caring younger sibling, Phoebe. He sneaks home and goes through the night in his unused sibling's room. After Holden gives the news to Phoebe that he might want to move to the west, Phoebe is vexed and gives Holden the quiet treatment. Afterward, Holden takes Phoebe to the zoo. She is still not addressing him, however comes with him. At the zoo, they see the merry go round, which Phoebe has consistently adored. He gives her a pass to ride and the quiet treatment closes. He guarantees her that he will remain and not go West. As it starts to storm heavily, Holden sits getting soaked and watching Phoebe go round also, round on the merry go round. He feels this is one of the most joyful times of his life. He understands this is the thing that fulfills him what's more, close to the end, he starts to miss his companions at Pencey. 2 Symbols: catcher in the rye-Holden states that he needs to be the catcher in the rye, keeping individuals from falling off the edge of a bluff. This represents what Holden really needs to be. Phoebe-She is an image of joy what's more, euphoria for Holden. Her bliss brings Holden to tears of delight. Style: Salinger composes this novel in first individual, which gives the genuine considerations and sentiments of Holden. He additionally has Holden use cuss words and slang to communicate his numerous conclusions. These strategies cause the entire story to appear to be so reasonable. Reasoning: The Catcher in the Rye is a book managing a youthful young person who discovers his actual self. He experiences a few occurrences which cause him to understand that he needs to be the catcher in the rye, not simply one more irritating secondary school adolescent. 4 Quotes: They promote in around a thousand magazines, continually giving some superstar fellow on a pony hopping over a fence. Like as though all you could possibly do at Pencey was play polo constantly. I never observed a pony anyplace close to the spot. This is a model of Holden's stubborn sentiments about Pencey School. You're directly in my light, Holden, for Chrissake...Ya need to stand in that spot? This shows Stradtlater stressing over his appearance for young ladies. I was encircled by jerks. I'm most certainly not joking. Holden says this alluding to certain individuals at the bar. He shows his disturb toward ?counterfeit' individuals. How would you realize you will accomplish something until you do it? Holden answers with his at whatever point somebody inquires as to whether he's going to ?put forth a concentrated effort. This isn't generally Holden's way of thinking in any case, his absence of thought on the subject and an approach to beat around the hedge.

One page summary ISO9000 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

One page outline ISO9000 - Essay Example Different kinds of reports are required for ISO 9000 accreditation. Aside from the subtleties of value the executives frameworks, subtleties of the board obligation, asset the executives, creation acknowledgment, Measurement, investigation and improvement and so forth are required to submit by an organization in the event that it applies for ISO 9000 accreditation. The 1994 form of ISO confirmation underlined quality affirmation by means of preventive activities, rather than simply checking last item while the 2000 rendition of ISO 9000 accreditation brought the idea of procedure the executives up front (Process the board was the observing and advancing of a companys undertakings and exercises, rather than simply investigating the last item). ISO doesn't itself guarantee associations; however it gives confirmation through the accreditation bodies and affirmation bodies framed in various nations. These bodies charge a few expenses for giving ISO affirmation. ISO confirmation can make an increasingly proficient, compelling activity, increment consumer loyalty and maintenance, lessen reviews, upgrade showcasing, improve representative inspiration, mindfulness, and assurance, advance global exchange, builds benefit and decrease squander. Simultaneously so as to get ISO confirmation an association should went through a significant measure of cash, time and furthermore it requires gigantic desk work for

My Educational Biography Essay Example For Students

My Educational Biography Essay I was conceived in Manhattan NY and brought up in South Jamaica Queens NY. I was set up for a reception at 15 months and put with an African American family. Being raised in a dark neighborhood was really unpleasant for a white young lady. The zone I live in was difficult to make companions since youngsters expected I through I was better than them since I had long hair and I dress pleasant and I talked without utilizing curse words. At the point when it came to secondary school my dad chose to permit me to go to go to class in a town called Forest Hill and the name of my High School was called Forest Hills. I would need to state that the area of my secondary school molded my life from various perspectives one being that bigot despite everything exist except not appeared outwardly. I review one day playing hooky and returning home early and a few understudies strolled by me and disclosed to me I didn't have a place there. Some other time was the point at which I observed some African American understudy get hopped by some white understudy. I have likewise observed African American understudies do some hurtful things to white understudies also. Something that trouble me the most was when individuals would state what school do you join in and I would state Forest Hills High School and their react would be man goodness man how could you get into that school since it is a pretty riches school structured basically for brilliant understudy. I should state that was the most unpleasant long stretches of school however the following three years were stunning. Well my school was situated in a rich town so the guardians would live there had cash to place in for the understudies with the goal that we would have the essential assets to get training. I review one time we required new PC for our science lab and understudies made some noise and the next year we get apple items for school. In secondary school I played on the b-ball group, track group and I did a great deal of science anticipated which expected me to be out and about a ton. My dad separated from my embraced mother and chose to get care of every one of his kids which that took place yet what hurt the most is on the grounds that my dad was a working white collar class he didn't have the opportunity to go to all my ball games or track and field competition meet or to try and see me present a portion of my science venture. I realized that my dad had work yet it truly separated me since he couldn't go to these capacity and his activity gave him trouble to try and get off whenever he did got an opportunity to do as such. I accept that my race assume a significant job in my training since it encouraged me to be visually challenged and to simply adore all individuals. I got single out on the grounds that I was lighter and I had long hair and my dad consistently made lunch for me to bring to class. I was raised Muslim as a child and my dad would come up to the school to sign me out to rehearse my confidence and I didn't need that since I realized understudies would ridicule me since I was a Muslim and would think negative toward me so when I got into the 11 evaluation I told my dad I won't have any desire to be marked out school on Friday’s and he asked me for what reason and I let him know since understudies would prod me when I would utilize a scrape to cover my hair and he went to the school and on occasion the school didn't do much about understudies ridiculing me it was a truly harsh time for Muslim understudy. .u718c809ac1a5bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81 , .u718c809ac1a5bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81 .postImageUrl , .u718c809ac1a5bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81 .focused content region { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .u718c809ac1a5bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81 , .u718c809ac1a5bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81:hover , .u718c809ac1a5bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81:visited , .u718c809ac1a5bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81:active { border:0!important; } .u718c809ac1a5bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81 .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .u718c809ac1a5bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81 { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; progress: darkness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .u718c809ac1a5bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81:active , .u718c809ac1a5bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81:hover { mistiness: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-change: haziness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .u718c809ac1a5bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81 .focused content zone { width: 100%; position: relative; } .u718c809ac1a5bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81 .ctaText { outskirt base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content adornment: underline; } .u718c809ac1a5bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81 .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .u718c809ac1a5bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81 .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; fringe: none; outskirt sweep: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-fringe range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enrichment: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/straightforward arrow.png)no-rehash; position: outright; right: 0; top: 0; } .u718c809ac1a5bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .u718c809ac1a5 bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81 .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .u718c809ac1a5bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .u718c809ac1a5bcd2b8d8ab8841222c81:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Animal EssayEventually I spread out of my confidence since I didn't generally get it and my dad tried training me however I was not associated. I chose to attempt a Christian gathering that was a piece of my school understudies despite everything ridiculed me since I was taking a stab at something new. I couldn't have cared less what others said this time around on the grounds that it was for me and not my dad. Truly I was attached. I was placed in a specialized curriculum classes since I was deferred in my discourse. I review in Junior High School being place in Miss 5 which was a segment in Special Ed and the status was that understudy who were place in this class won't never make it above fifth grade level and that we were too idiotic to even think about making it into this present reality and was not equipped for going to secondary school. Somebody as paying special mind to me I had an instructor name Miss Zampty was concentrating to turn into an educator and she expected to do a task on the development of a youngster training and she chose to pick understudies and I was one of them. She showed me how to peruse and compose it took a great deal of work and devotion to get me out in light of the fact that I was not getting on to a ton of things by composing it on paper yet intellectually I had everything in perfect order. Inevitably I was retested to come out of that class and be put in Miss 1 where I had the option to go to secondary school and get a secondary school instruction. So in positive manner somebody saw something in me that I didn't see and neither did my family. I was extremely glad that things were pivoting for me My secondary school training was basically me finding the correct abilities I can utilize and I was in every case great in science and math so my instructors took a gander at that and went for it to ensure I am not mindful of other understudy attaching but rather I can trust it is conceivable to occur. I was constantly told by my embraced mother that I could never make it into school. She said I could never make it throughout everyday life and how I was inept. I am glad to the point that my dad is no longer with this individual. With regards to my dad he upheld me in my training and disclosed to me that I can do anything I desired as long I set my attention to it. I advised my dad that I needed to be a specialist and he gave me his full help he would not like to see me battle in that part of my life. At the point when I advised educators that I needed to head off to college they disclosed to me that I can do it and revealed to me that on the off chance that I at any point required assistance to return to them and they will give me a hand. I am a returning understudy and I lost my employment in 2011 and that was the point at which I chose to get the remainder of my instruction since I knew whether I needed a family that I required a training to have the correct activity to begin this activity. I review back at home that I expected to step through an examination called ACT and there was one piece of the test I was unable to pass regardless of how enthusiastically I attempt I couldn't get that 70 imprint. I chose to simply work and bring in cash. I have for a long while been itching to be a specialist growing up and I had that fantasy for a truly significant time-frame that I can do it. In the long run I expected to quit deceiving myself revealing to myself I can do that at 26 years old years old. So once I got to Monroe Community College I was accepting directing and my advisor and I examine professions and I went to an understanding that turning into a specialist isn't for me yet turning into a Social Worker is for me I appreciate conversing with individuals and helping them make an arrangement for their lives and giving them the expectation that is should have been ready to deal with things. Indeed I do accept that my background is the motivation behind why I am going into social work. .ue972e9e488a4a17af8a383182bb9bd9d , .ue972e9e488a4a17af8a383182bb9bd9d .postImageUrl , .ue972e9e488a4a17af8a383182bb9bd9d .focused content region { min-tallness: 80px; position: relative; } .ue972e9e488a4a17af8a383182bb9bd9d , .ue972e9e488a4a17af8a383182bb9bd9d:hover , .ue972e9e488a4a17af8a383182bb9bd9d:visited , .ue972e9e488a4a17af8a383182bb9bd9d:active { border:0!important; } .ue972e9e488a4a17af8a383182bb9bd9d .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ue972e9e488a4a17af8a383182bb9bd9d { show: square; progress: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-change: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; obscurity: 1; change: murkiness 250ms; webkit-progress: mistiness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ue972e9e488a4a17af8a383182bb9bd9d:active , .ue972e9e488a4a17af8a383182bb9bd9d:hover { darkness: 1; change: haziness 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ue972e9e488a4a1

Spark Plug essays

Flash Plug papers I am doing a report on flash fittings. Sparkle plugs have become a major part in life today. With out them we likely would not be the place we are today. The sparkle plug was developed right off the bat by a French resident conceived in Luxemburg. He was named Etienne Lenoir. In 1860 he produced a motor which utilized an electric flash start framework. Right now in history numerous creators and individuals were burnt out on the huge and cumbersome steam motor and needed something new. Etienne Lenoir fixed that by making one of the primary inward ignition motors. In such an easily overlooked detail there is a ton of data to be secured. For example there are even various types of flash fittings, similar to a hot or cold attachment, which one do you use? This paper should assist you with knowing the contrast between them. The essential employment of a flash module hypothesis is it powers power over a hole simply like a bat out of hell. In this manner the voltage must be exceptionally high, it could be somewhere in the range of forty thousand volts to one-hundred thousand volts. The sparkle plug should likewise have a protected path for this high voltage to make a trip down to the cathode. From that point it can hop the hole (see picture An.) and be led into the motor square and be grounded. At the point when it bounces the hole there is a sparkle that lights the fuel. On the off chance that the hole is too huge or little it won't flash appropriately. In this manner it is significant that the hole is set effectively. The attachment additionally needs to withstand an outrageous measure of warmth and weight inside the chamber. It must be planned such that stores from fuel added substances don't develop on the attachment. The terminal is the pole going down the center of the sparkle plug (appeared in picture A). Another part in the sparkle plug is connector, which clearly interfaces with the attachment wire. The fitting wire conveys the power from the start framework. Another part that assumes a major job is the clay embed. It separates the high voltage at the cathode an ... <!

The Effects of Computer Games free essay sample

Liquor, medications and sex have all been known to draw out the addictive character quality in certain individuals, however different types of addictive conduct, for example, work out, sitting in front of the TV or investing an excessive amount of energy in a PC, have as of late been perceived. PC habit, similar to any dependence, can crawl up on an individual without one monitoring it. Television shows are brimming with individuals whose connections have been destroyed by one accomplices PC dependence. Going through hours visiting web based, riding the web or playing PC games can make connections break down as different parts ofa person’s life are dismissed. The specialists discovered that as indicated by Funk (1993) recognized PC game playing as a moderately high recurrence action among young people. Study has demonstrated sexual orientation contrasts in PC game playing propensities, with guys playing more regularly than females (Kaplan, 1983). Morlock, Nigolean and Yanto (1985) discovered explanations behind this include: the game substance, in that games will in general contain more manly than female characters. There are numerous reasons why the scientists are leading this examination yet the fundamental objective is to discover the impacts of PC games to the scholarly exhibition of the understudies, and toknow the view of the respondents and the manner in which they cooperate with to their concern and increase information about the issue that the analysts may confront sometime in the not so distant future. As an understudy the analyst are likewise worried to its kindred understudies to support them and give them thoughts regarding the impacts of the PC games on their scholarly exhibition. The exploration wants a more profound and more clear comprehension of the issue and the circumstance to know the impacts of PC games to the scholarly exhibition and take activities in improving manners to controlling their compulsion and give more opportunity to their investigations. Explanation of the Problem 1. What is the profile of respondents as far as: 1. 1Year and Section 1. 2Gender 1. 3Course 2. What is the degree of use of the respondents in playing PC games? 2. 1Hours Per Day 2. 2Days Per Week 2. 3Weeks Per Month 3. What is the degree of reasons of the respondents in playing PC games. 3. 1Personal explanation 3. 2Peer weight 3. 3Social Pleasure . What are the impacts of PC games to the scholastic execution of the respondents? 4. 1Class Participation 4. 2Major Examinations 4. 3Others 5. What is the ramifications of the result of the investigation to the current AIMS understudies who are occupied with PC gaming? Speculation Ho1. There is no impact in level of use of the schoo l of business understudies as indicated by the time they spend during hours out of every day, days out of each week, and week out of each month. Ho2. There are no reasons of the respondents in playing PC games as far as the following:personal reason; peer weight; and social joy to the scholarly presentation of the respondents. Ho3. There is no impact of PC games to the scholastic execution of the respondents concurring the accompanying: class support; significant assessments; and others. Noteworthiness of the Study The consequence of this examination will end up being valuable to the accompanying: Students of Asian Institute of Maritime Studies (AIMS). They are the essential recipients of this investigation in light of the fact that starting at now numerous understudies dependent on PC games influenced their scholarly presentation. Educators of Asian Institute of Maritime Studies (AIMS). The discoveries in this proposition will make the educators or teachers mindful with respect to on the ow scholarly execution of the understudies. Their validity as a teacher is influenced by the way how they show their understudies. The discoveries will likewise persuade and rouse them to share their insight and experience to their fullest degree with the goal that understudies will find out more and will have the option to have a decent ability. Future Researchers. This examination may help so much the specialists to address a portion of their inquiry that will profit the future scientists. This investigation can likewise be open for additional improvement and advancement of the examination. Theoretical Framework The investigation was engaged in the impacts of PC games to the scholastic execution of Asian Institute of Maritime Studies understudies. The diagram began with the understudies of Asian Institute of Maritime Studies, next is the autonomous variable which is the PC games that played by the Asian Institute of Maritime Studies understudies. The mediating variable here are the understudies that are playing PC games and the understudies that are not playing PC games in which it can reinforce or debilitate the needy and free factor contingent upon the outcome. The following variable is the scholarly presentation of Asian Institute of Maritime Studies understudies in which the scientists will know whether it will turn out a positive or negative impact to the understudies. Figure 1. 1 As appeared on the past (Figure 1. 1), the scientists might want to know whether the PC games will influence the scholarly presentation of the understudies, if the understudies will pass or come up short there subjects on the off chance that they play PC games. The free factor here is the understudy of Asian Institute of Maritime Studies, underneath is the PC games in which we have two sorts of result that will respond to our inquiry. Accordingly, analysts discover that to have a positive outcome on our scholarly presentation we need to stop or to control playing PC games to keep away from compulsion on playing PC games to have an emphasis on our examination and to increase high evaluations, acquire information and more abilities that will push us to able with others. This is the thing that the positive degree implies; then again, on the off chance that we will keep playing on PC games it will make an issue first on our scholastic execution and finally on our physical and emotional well-being. Extension and Limitations of the examination This exploration was led to decide the impacts of PC games to the scholastic execution of AIMS understudies as apparent by the dependable understudies who are occupied with the issue. The viewpoints investigated the negative and positive consequences of through the scholastic execution of understudies and proposed answers for issues. Understudies who are managing the issue were the objective of this examination: Asian Institute of Maritime Studies understudies. Themes that will be considered and examine: The understudies who are locked in of the issue and the impacts of PC games to the scholarly presentation and how compelling this examination in taking care of the issue and how it influences the scholastic execution of AIMS understudies. The populace or universe of the examination is the understudies of Asian Institute of Maritime Studies. What's more, district of the studyis the understudies of Asian Institute of Maritime Studies and the time of the examination is in month of July to August 2012. Meaning of Terms The accompanying terms and factors will be characterized with regards to their utilization in this specific proposition: Academic Performance. Is the capacity to contemplate and recollect realities and having the option to convey your insight verbally or down on paper, additionally alludes to how understudies manage their examinations and how they adapt to or achieve various assignments given to them by their educators. Enslavement. the condition subjugated to a propensity or practice or to somethingthat is mentally or genuinely propensity - framing, as opiates, tosuch a degree that its end causes serious injury. PC. A PC is a gadget that acknowledges data (as digitalized information) and controls it for some outcome dependent on a program or arrangement of guidelines on how the information is to be handled. Complex PCs additionally incorporate the methods for putting away information (counting the program, which is likewise a type of information) for some vital length. A program might be constant and incorporated with the PC (and called rationale hardware as it is onmicroprocessors) or various projects might be given to the PC (stacked into its stockpiling and afterward began by a chairman or client). Todays PCs have the two sorts of programming. Impacts. A wonder that follows and is brought about by some past marvel; the attractive impact was more prominent when the pole was the long way; his choice had discouraging ramifications for business; he acted extremely astute after the occasion. That which is delivered by an operator or cause; the occasion which follows promptly from a predecessor, called the reason; result; result; result; natural product; as the impact of extravagance. Web. An immense PC arrange connecting littler PC systems around the world (as a rule went before by the). The Internet incorporates business, instructive, legislative, and different systems, all of which utilize a similar arrangement of interchanges conventions. Web Addiction Disorder (IAD). Or then again, more extensively, Internet abuse, tricky PC use or neurotic PC use, is inordinate PC utilize that meddles with day by day life. These terms stay away from the diverting and disruptive term dependence and are not restricted to any single reason. Internet games. Is a computer game played over some type of PC arrange or on a computer game support, for example, the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. This quite often implies the Internet or proportionate innovation, however games have constantly utilized whatever innovation was current: modemsbefore the Internet, and hard wired terminals before modems. PC games. They are played on the PC with standard PC interface gadgets, for example, the console and mouse, or ajoystick or gamepad. Video input is gotten by the gamer through the PC screen, and sound through speakers or earphones. Innovation. Is the making, alteration, utilization, and information on apparatuses, machines, strategies, creates, frameworks, techniques for association, so as to take care of an issue, improve a prior answer for an issue, accomplish an objective or play out a particular capacity. Section 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE Related Studies Many investigations show that brutal PC games can have negative impacts on adolescents. New studi

Finding the Best College Paper Service

Finding the Best College Paper ServiceSince so many students decide to go back to school, it is best to make sure that you get the best college paper service possible. Many students end up going with companies that do not understand the paper work necessary in order to send their paper.A great way to get the best price for the papers is to do the research yourself. If you are going to hire someone to work for you, you want to know as much about their past projects and experience. This can be a great tool for saving money on a job you would otherwise have to outsource.Your best bet is to ask a student what paper the university has had that they would recommend to your school. Sometimes the best college paper service will be more expensive. But if you find one that the university used, then you will be able to save money by doing a little research.One thing you will notice when looking through prices is that they all vary. This is because different companies will offer different servic es. As a result, there are certain paper services that are more expensive than others.When choosing paper for the fall semester, make sure you use a printer that you can trust. You want to choose a paper that is going to meet your needs. The best option for this is to get your home office set up with your new services so that they print out the first pages of your assignments for you. This will save you a lot of time printing paper, and it will also save you money.Another thing to look for is a company that can make multiple forms for you to choose from. This is a smart way to cut down on your costs because you won't have to purchase a whole set of papers for each assignment. Instead, you can just print one page of each form.If you are getting a local paper service for your school, find out if there is an internet version available. You may want to go with a local paper service instead of an online one so that you can get your paper right away. Even if you are making your assignment s online, this will help save you money because it will cut down on the cost of having to have paper delivered.After you take all of these steps to find the best college paper service, you will save a lot of money on the paper that is sent out to you. Take the time to make sure that you understand how everything works before you sign any papers. This will help you get the most out of your money, which will make it more likely that you will choose to go with the right paper service for your needs.

George Washington - The Most Influential Founding Father of America - Free Essay Example

Washington has greatly impacted Americas history through the present day. The ways in which he has impacted Americas history include leading the Continental Army, influencing the government as well as becoming the first president of the United States. Leading the Continental Army, he gave America an opportunity to succeed. Backing up constitutional values and the effect he had on the government changed the way Americans look at the Constitution and its government. Becoming the first president of the United States, he set an example for what all future presidents should aspire to. George Washingtons decisions and actions would affect the United States for years to come including and up to the present time. George Washington was born in 1732 and influenced the United States until his passing in 1799, and continues to do so (Nevins). Washington depicted himself as the first true American, putting all British characteristics and ideals out of mind. George Washington was the Major General and Commander-in-Chief of the Continental Army. Despite many other options for who may lead this army, Washington brought forth different perspectives and strategic planning to fight the British. He led the army to victory, ending the military struggle for American Independence. His close coordination with governors and state militias, his cooperative relations with Congress, and his professional attention to supplies, logistics, and training all contributed to the success of the Continental Army (Mount Vernon). Witnessing first hand, Britains formation in North America, he knew how vulnerable it was. After closely studying Britains army he used this to Americas advantage and used tactics to defeat the British. Though the war took many twists and turns including apparent defeat, Washingtons confidence never wavered, and this kept his army in high spirits. George Washingtons militaristic mindset led the Continental Army to victory. After the wa r ended Washington did something that would forever astonish many. He surrendered his military commission, whereas in many instances, military leaders would seize political power in times of revolution (Continental Army). Washingtons values helped shape what he believed America should be and many of these values are still present in our military and government today. Washington not only had militaristic influences but also influences in the government of America, in the past and in the present. He knew first hand the effects of the taxes that the British government was imposing and knew that it was in Americas best interest to declare independence from Great Britain. He was a delegate in the first Continental Congress, served in the Virginia House of Burgess, and the Second Continental Congress. He backed up the Constitution and led our country while implementing the thoughts and plans of other brilliant minds so that the country would one day thrive (Biography.com Editors). Washingtons approach on Americas future government was to create one that would not only benefit their current time but also many more lifetimes to come. Many brilliant minds knew his potential and put him forth to lead them. In 1787, he was elected president of the convention that wrote the U.S. Constitution (History.com Editors). Washingtons influence over the government an d its values altered the constitution and shaped Americas ideals of freedom and liberty. He was a big advocate for a robust national government. He helped to put forth his ideas while working side by side with other founding fathers. Washington played the biggest part in Americas current government by being exactly the person that America had needed at the time, to put forth ideas for a strong central government that would benefit for years to come. (?) In the further years he would hold the greatest authority that an American citizen could. From 1789 until 1797, George Washington served as the first President of the United States. He came to have this authority through his exquisite leadership at the Constitutional Convention, which drafted the Constitution. His leadership impressed his fellow delegates to the point at which they believed he was the most qualified to be the nations first president. Despite at first just wanting to return to a quiet life, public opinion swayed him comply. (History.com Editors). Realizing that the way he handled the job would impact how future presidents approached the position, he handed down a legacy of strength, integrity and national purpose (History.com Editors). Understanding how he would impact future presidents, he put forth what he believed was to benefit the nation in the best way possible. Beginning with foreign matters, he supported cordial relations with other countries but also favored a position of neutrality in foreign conflicts (History.com Editors). This was because he k new that it was in Americas best interest not to begin any new unnecessary fighting, after just becoming independent from Great Britain. As well as keeping relations intact outside of the new nation, he also appointed two cabinet members that had opposing views on government. This he believed was essential to the health of the new government. Washington knew exactly how to handle being the nations first President, constantly showing strength and knowledge of what he was doing, and the purpose that it held. George Washington was the most influential founding father of his time and is still looked favorably upon by current leaders and people of high ranking. His military ideas, continue to play a role in the United States military today. His beliefs regarding what should be done to create a strong central government for the US are still seen today. Especially when there are current debates in present day, documents are still reviewed to decide the fate of many by what the original founding fathers meant in the Constitution. Being the First President of the United States Washington made clear his values and beliefs to what a president should do and hold up to. George Washingtons overall charisma and understanding of a number of things not only altered the pasts history but also the current future. Washington to this day continues to impact people, places, and ideas of what an American should be. Many suggest that he will be the only and best American to ever walk on American soil.

Theme Of Chaos And Order In Beowulf - 834 Words

Chaos and Order in Beowulf The Epic of Beowulf is about many things, one could say. It involves changes of power, darkness and light, overcoming challenges, temptation and destruction, war, et cetera, et cetera. These themes, and many more, make up what are known as major and minor themes. Both are of equal importance to a story in its entirety; the difference being that major themes address the writer’s most significant ideas, while minor themes refer to an idea that appears only momentarily. For example: a major theme in Beowulf could be overcoming challenges, because it is one of the main ideas throughout the story. Beowulf defeats Brecca, and Grendel, and Grendel’s mother, and the dragon at the end, and had already faced many threats†¦show more content†¦With Grendel dead and gone, order is restored at the hands of Beowulf, and the peoples’ normal merry making begins afresh. This pattern can be seen throughout all of Beowulf’s tale. It transpires again when Grendel’s mother comes seeking revenge for her dead son, and kills Hrothgar’s closest friend. Chaos returns, the people are in dismay once again, along with Hrothgar; uncertain of what to do. Hrothgar pleads with Beowulf to kill Grendel’s mother, which he does willingly; reestablishing order in Hrothgar’s kingdom. Soon thereafter, Hrothgar dies, leaving his kingdom not to either of his sons, but to Beowulf. He rules well for fifty years, keeping the balance of chaos and order in check. It is here that the pattern of chaos to order is altered. With Beowulf as king, the Danes’ land had no fear of monsters attacking again, and any wars that may have taken place were small enough that true turmoil did not exist again until Beowulf himself was old and grey. That was when the dragon awoke. A runaway slave seeking respite from an angry master found his way into the dragon’s barrow and inadvertently stole a precious golden goblet from the hoard of treasure he found there. Outraged, the dragon roused itself and took flight. Pandemonium ensued as towns and cities were burned out of the dragon’s anger. Beowulf’s heart broke as he discovered his hometown had been reduced to charred ruins, and vowed to killShow MoreRelatedEssay on Grendel1169 Words   |  5 Pages In 1971, American author John Gardner wrote Grendel. With a mastermind of creativity, John Gardner successfully retells the classic epic poem, Beowulf. He captures the reader by giving an interesting view of order and chaos, good and evil, hero and monster, allowing the monsters point of view to be seen. On July 21, 1933 John Gardner was born in Batavia, New York. He was the son of a preacher and diary, and his mother taught English. They were very fond of Shakespeare and lovedRead MoreGood vs. Evil in Beowulf1456 Words   |  6 PagesGood vs. Evil in Beowulf Beowulf is longest and greatest early Anglo-Saxon poem which was composed in England sometime in the eighth century AD by a literate scop. This poem was created in the oral poetic tradition. This poem is considered as an epic because it is a long narrative poem which composed in an elevated style, dealing with the glories of hero (Tolkien 24). The setting of this epic is the six century in Denmark and southern Sweden. The protagonist, Beowulf is a noble warrior representsRead MoreFree Will And Religion : An Epic Hero1478 Words   |  6 Pagespoem, Beowulf. The story’s protagonist must endure many trials throughout his journey as an epic hero, defeating his opponent each time. However, Beowulf believes it is not his own strength, but the will of God that he is able to become victorious. As his journey through life continues, from warrior to king, fatalism is present time and time again in all his actions. In Seamus Heaney’s translation of Beowulf, the theme of fate dic tates the outcome of each battle Beowulf must overcome in order to continueRead MoreConflict In Anglo-Saxon And Medieval Literature1476 Words   |  6 PagesConflict in both Anglo-Saxon and Medieval literature reflect the culture of the people and the time they are living in. Both of their literature heavily reflects the culture of knighthood and courtly love in the stories: â€Å"The Wanderer,† â€Å"Beowulf,† â€Å"The Nun’s Priest’s Tale,† â€Å"Sir Orfeo,† and â€Å"Lanval.† Conflict in these stories is not only used to provide reference of the culture but as well to drive the plot, provide tension and excitement, and to develop the characters in the story. Such conflictsRead MoreThe Roles Of Women During The Time Of War And Hate1287 Words   |  6 Pages In the story of Beowulf, there are several themes that can be extrapolated from the heavy influence of Anglo-Saxon culture. However, one stands out as an important and interes ting theme, which is the roles of women during the heavy comitatus bonds of men in the time of war and hate. What may be easily glossed over as subservience and serving as the shadows of the male characters in the time of Beowulf is in actuality an important facet of Anglo Saxon culture. The societal expectations of theseRead MoreThe Importance Of Beowulf In Modern America1957 Words   |  8 PagesThe Importance of Beowulf in Modern America By Jennifer Carley Modern culture and literature include many stories of great heroes and fictional adventures. Many people grow up reading about these great adventures and looking up to the heroes of the stories. Heroes are great roll models because they are portrayed as courageous and trustworthy individuals, two very admirable qualities. Despite numerous cultural and technological advancements, life in modern America continues to bear resemblance toRead MoreHero As A True Hero1427 Words   |  6 Pagesthe size of his strength, but by the s trength of his heart.† The word hero comes from the Greek, literal meaning of â€Å"protector† or â€Å"defender†. A great example of a tenacious protector is Beowulf, â€Å"Higlac’s follower and the strongest of the Geats - greater and stronger than anyone anywhere in this world,† (Beowulf 195). A man beloved and looked up to by his people- a noble warrior at heart. On the other hand, there are kings, like Oedipus, who can be heroes and highly regarded just because of theirRead MoreAnalysis Of Grendel s The Of The World s Weird Wall 1673 Words   |  7 Pages FINAL GRENDEL IOP SCRIPT       John Champlin Gardner, a well-known novelist that explores philosophy within his works of fiction. He is most notably known for his 1971 book Grendel which is based on the Old English epic poem: Beowulf retold from the monster’s perspective. Within the book, Grendel is repeatedly referenced to be a â€Å"walker of the world’s weird wall† and is forced into a life of isolation, with no ulterior purpose. (FLIP SLIDE—THESIS) In Grendel, John Gardner emphasises the titleRead MoreHero s Journey And Characteristics1650 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout this semester, we mainly discussed the hero’s journey and characteristics as an ancient tale, such as in Beowulf and Grendel. But as we also saw, the hero’s potential is present in everyone with no regard of times. As such, when studying modern stories, we can see that aspects of hero’s journey are still a major theme. In The Matrix, Neo, an average hacker, who might not be seen as a hero in the first place will soon show all characteristics to become one. As a result we would study inRead MoreThe, The Goddess Of Luck And Fortune1199 Words   |  5 Pagesof both of her brothers. Refusing to follow the declarations of man over the gods, she buries her brother alone against the king’s decrees showing her unshakable agency. Grendel’s mother harbors vast physical power, allowing her to battle Beowulf, renowned for his unwavering strength. Grendel’s mother is tactical and acute when dealing with her son’s slayer, signifying mental prowess as well. The Old Woman is very dominant in relationships, securing control over her spouse who greatly

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Gender and Serial Killers Essay - 2474 Words

The stereotype that exists for individuals who commit serial murder is one that mainly includes males of a specific race. However, it is now known that white males are not the only individuals who commit serial murder. Men and women from all racial and ethnic backgrounds and socio-economic statuses have been found to be serial murderers. Although this information has been presented to society, the cultural schema of the white male serial killer is still prevalent. The assumptions that involve serial murderers often include two aspects, the serial murderer is male and the serial murder is a type of â€Å"lust murder†, often involving sexual crimes by a sadist (Keeney and Heide, 1995). Keeney and Heide (1994) define serial murder to be the†¦show more content†¦According to Jurik and Russ (1990) compared to men, women frequently kill intimates or people they had very close, social relationships with such as family or friends. Additionally, there is hardly any overkill w ith victims of female serial murderers. Many victims of female serial killers often have no signs of sexual assault, body mutilation, or dismemberment. Women who murder often do not torture their victims prior to their death, unlike males who are seen to engage heavily in torture. For their choice of weapon, many female serial killers used some form of poison or suffocation, known as covert methods, to kill off their victims. Also, female murderers often do not engage in the traditional stalking behavior that is found in the phenomenon of serial killing. For female serial killers, the organization of the crime scene displayed characteristics of both organized and disorganized crime. Organized crime scenes are usually the result of intense planning of the crime by the offenders, whereas disorganized crime scenes are the result of spontaneous murders with little planning (Schurman, 2000). Females often have different reasons for committing serial murders than men. These reasons are mainly thought to be instrumental goals, meaning that they would receive something in return for murdering the victim such as insuranceShow MoreRelatedSerial Killers And Gender Differences Essay974 Words   |  4 Pageseywords: Serial killers, females, psychopathy, archival research Motivations of Serial Killers Gender Differences Serial killing is a topic that has long fascinated those who study psychology, criminal behavior, and even the general public. Figures such as Ted Bundy, Ed Gein, and Jeffrey Dahmer have been the subject of numerous studies, documentaries, and books. Females do not readily come to mind when one thinks of serial killers because it is a rare phenomenon. Aileen Wuornos is one female whoRead MoreSerial Killers And Gender Differences950 Words   |  4 PagesMotivations of Serial Killers Gender Differences Serial killing is a topic that has long fascinated those who study psychology, criminal behavior, and even the general public. Figures such as Ted Bundy, Ed Gein, and Jeffrey Dahmer have been the subject of numerous studies, documentaries, and books. Females do not readily come to mind when one thinks of serial killers because it is a rare phenomenon. Aileen Wuornos is one female who brought the concept of a female serial killer to the public’s attentionRead MoreKiller Vs. Serial Killers929 Words   |  4 PagesKiller vs Killer Countless people especially, criminologist have researched serial killers because they are so fascinating. Many disagree as to what the legal definition of a serial murder, which is, â€Å"[t]he unlawful killing of two or more victims by the same offender(s), in separate events. (Morton et al. 9). There is certainly not any dispute that there have been both male and female serial killers. Most of the research and documentation is specifically aimed around male serial killers. Over allRead MoreKiller Vs. Serial Killers924 Words   |  4 Pages Killer vs Killer Countless people, especially, criminologists have researched serial killers since they are fascinating. Many disagree as to what the legal definition of a serial murder, which is, â€Å"[t]he unlawful killing of two or more victims by the same offender(s), in separate events. (Morton et al. 9). There is certainly not any dispute that there have been both male and female serial killers. Much of the research and documentation is specifically aimed around male serial killers. Overall,Read MoreThe Murder Of Serial Killers1703 Words   |  7 PagesA grieving mother drapes herself over the casket of her deceased son. The 14 year old had fallen victim to one of the most infamous serial killers in history, Jeffrey Dahmer. Dahmer killed a total of 17 known victims, all between the ages of 14 and 33. In his most recent murders, he often resorted to necrophilia, cannibalism, and permanent preservation of body parts (â€Å"Jeffrey Dahmer Biography†). The mother looks at what is left of her son’s face, the face that once smiled to her every morning beforeRead MoreFemale Serial Killers: Statistics and Research864 Words   |  3 PagesFemale Serial Killers: Serial killer is described as an example of a murderer who kills several individuals over a long period of time. While these people are usually male motivated by various psychological motives such as power, the number of female serial killers has increased significantly in the recent past. Unlike their male counterparts, female serial killers use less visible means of murder such as poisoning in order to keep under the radar and remain discrete (Gilbert et. al., 2003). SinceRead MoreLife And Death Of A Serial Killer1092 Words   |  5 Pageschildren’s bed or in their closets. The monsters I’m referring to are serial killers that live and breathe the same air as us. In my opinion, Serial killers are sick psychopaths with no conscience, a damaged past, a lack morals and self-worth. After viewing the film â€Å"Life and Death of a Serial Killer† starring one of America’s first female serial killers, Aileen Wuornos; I began to wonder why do individuals become serial killers? What is so special about committing murders and what causes the urgeRead MoreSerial Killer : Serial Killers909 Words   |  4 PagesAccording to an FBI study, â€Å"there have been approximately 400 serial killers in the United States in the past century, with anywhere from 2,526 to 3,860 victims (Hickey). No one really understands serial killers. It is actually quite difficult to comprehend how the mind of a serial killer works. Some believe that a serial killer feels strongly attracted by a specific physical characteristic in the victim. It could be his or her appearance: facial features, clothes, or even personality. On the otherRead MoreSerial Killers And The Criminal Justice System1704 Words   |  7 Pages Serial Killers A serial killer by definition of the Federal Bureau of Investigation is a person who kills three or more people on different occasions (Barkan and Bryjak 70). Serial killers have been present in societies all throughout history, giving researchers opportunities to study them and bringing attention to their name. Fear and fascination with them enables the media to intrigue society as it creates TV shows, movies, and documentaries about famous serial killers of the past andRead MoreSerial Killers Statistics : Serial Killer Statistics Essay818 Words   |  4 PagesNovember 23). Serial killer statistics. Retrieved July 28, 2016 fromhttp://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Serial%20Killer%20Information%20Center/Serial%20Killer%20Statistics.pdf This article covers serial killers statistics. Many table reports are illustrated with the sole purpose to demonstrate accurate information about serial killers. The tables indicate the frequency (by decade) and the number of separate serial killers operating in any given year in the USA. Beasley II, J. O. (2004). Serial Murder in

Evolution reaction paper - 1930 Words

Evolution Reaction Paper After finish watching the movie Darwins Dangerous Idea, our biology teacher asks us to write a reaction paper based on each section in the movie. There are ten parts in the movie, which include: Darwins Observations from the Beagle, Humming Birds, Darwins Idea of Natural Selection, HIV Evolution, Complex Organs: made/evolve, Eye Evolution, God versus Natural Selection including Humans, Can God Fit in Science, Society Control of Church and Book Publishing. The first section in the movie is Darwins Observations from the Beagle. As Darwin was on the Beagle from 1831 to 1836 and traveled South America coastline, he found different finches on different climate on different islands. Why God put different species†¦show more content†¦In the movie, Darwin said that the mole eyes getting smaller and smaller because they live underground so they dont need to use their eyes. Furthermore, we can see this happens in many organisms in the world, like the giraffe has long neck to eat leaves on tall trees. The next section is about the eye evolution. Human eyes make possibly have been acquired by gradual selection of slight but useful deviation. In different organisms, they have eyes with different structures that make eyes can look further or not. Blood vessels and nerve vessels in front of eyes connect with the brain to show the image the eyes see. Eyesight helps animals with finding food or mates. Nowadays, when a lot of human use their eyes too much on books, computers, studies, the eyes get shortsighted, but human can get out of it be using glasses or go to an operation. Move on to the next section, we have God versus natural selection. This shows us that nature can do everything. Nature by itself unaided by God can even make eyes. People at Darwins time said that God create everything, so why did God put different organism at different places? Why some organism disappeared, the other one can survive? If like these people idea, God created perfect organisms, so why didnt some of them survive? The people who follow God couldnt answer these questions while natural selection could explain all. The bigoted people at that day, who believe in the fallacyShow MoreRelatedClassification Tests for Carboxylic Acid and Derivatives1580 Words   |  7 PagesChristine YouIntroduction Carboxylic acids derivatives are simply groupsof compounds that contain a carbonyl group butwith an electronegative atom attached to thecarbon. The difference in the structure leads to amajor change in reactivity. The reactions of thesegroups of compounds involve nucleophilicsubstitution. Although there are abundant kindsof carboxylic acid derivatives, the experimentonly focuses on the common ones: acid halides,acid anhydrides, esters and amides.Carboxylic acids and theirRead MoreReview Of Biosemantics Millikan s Goal For `` Biosementaics ``798 Words   |  4 PagesJessica Scruggs Phil 307 Response Paper #3 11/11/16 Millikan’s â€Å"Biosemantics† Millikan’s goal for â€Å"Biosementaics† is to explain what connects a representation with the thing it represents. To reach this goal, Millikan has to explain that there are special conditions that need to be met to form a connection between a representation and its object. These â€Å"content-fixing† c onditions cannot be statistically normal conditions, because normal is a relative term. An example Millikan gives is that of a redRead MoreResults Of The First Pcr Reaction And Gel Electrophoresis Essay1664 Words   |  7 Pages Results Results of the first PCR reaction and gel electrophoresis with all primer sets can be seen in image 2. The first well contained the molecular weight marker, well 2; primer set 1, well 3; primer set 2, well 4; primer set 3, well 5; primer set 4 and well 6; primer set 5. The primer bands can be seen to have run to the end of the gel in wells 2 through 6, however no cDNA band were visible, only the weight maker bands were seen in the first well. The process was redone with a lower annealingRead MoreHuman Brain And Human Brains1477 Words   |  6 Pageslegs, and we are much more sensitive to our emotional reactions, making us complex animals. Now, where does all these differences come from? As the title suggest, our human brains are incredible in the way they process information. This article aims to discuss the differences of human brain compared to other animal brains, and what makes us humans so unique in our responsive reactions in how we process information. More specifically, this paper will examine the influences the environment has on ourRead MoreMatter And Chemical Characteristics Of The Unknown Powders826 Words   |  4 Pages Hypothesis:- I believe that by testing substances with various chemicals, for example, vinegar, iodine and that will help to find out what the substance is and what is it quality. Materials:- In order to perform this lab, you need:- †¢ Litmus paper (red and blue). †¢ Vinegar †¢ Biuret solution †¢ Iodine †¢ Scoop †¢ Watch glass †¢ Safety glasses †¢ Water †¢ Dropper Procedure:- We have to perform a series of qualitative analysis tests to correctly identify the chemical composition of each unknown otherRead MorePseudomonas Aeruginosa Essay846 Words   |  4 PagesDirected Evolution of Pseudomonas aeruginosa Lipase A Petroleum has long been a precious resource throughout history. Petroleum was likely used to construct asphalt that made the great towers and walls of Babylon (Leung, 1989). China used it to extract precious salt from seawater (Lerner, Wu, Lin, 1964). Today, the world faces the challenge of creating enough fuel to satisfy the demands of a petroleum-dependent world. 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Arab Culture - Essay - 6842 Words

Introduction: This study provides an overview of Arab culture. It must be emphasized that there is no â€Å"one† Arab culture or society. The Arab world is full of rich and diverse communities, groups and cultures. Differences exist not only among countries, but within countries as well. It is impossible to talk about groups of people without generalizing. It then follows that it is hard to talk about the culture of a group without generalizing. This handbook attempts to be as accurate and specific as possible, but inevitably contains such generalizations. Treat these generalizations with caution and wariness. They do provide insight into a culture, but the accuracy and usefulness will depend on the context and specific circumstances. WHERE†¦show more content†¦In some countries, like Lebanon, Syria and Egypt, it is no imposed upon them and women are free to choose whether to wear veils. However, in other places, all women, even non-Muslims, wear veils out of fear of mistreatment by fanatics or those who pretend to be guardians of Islam. ARAB POLITICS †¢ Politically diverse forms of government in Arab world: O Parliamentary Republics in Algeria, Egypt, Lebanon, Tunisia, Syria, Iraq, Libya and Yemen. O Traditional monarchies in Oman, Qatar, Bahrain, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates and Saudi Arabia. O Jordan and Morocco are constitutional monarchies. †¢ Religion does play a role in Arab politics in many different ways: O Lebanon – Parliamentary representation is divided according to religious affiliation (Muslim, Christian, and Druze). O Jordan/Morocco King bases legitimacy on direct descent from the Prophet Mohammed, but he is not a religious leader. THE ARAB LEAGUE One of the oldest regional organizations in the world, the Arab League was founded on March 22, 1945. The objective of the Arab League is to facilitate maximum integration among the Arab countries through coordination of their activities in the political sphere as well as in the fields of economics, social services, education, communications, development, technology and industrialization. The headquarters of the Arab League is in Cairo, Egypt. Members of the league include: Algeria, Bahrain, Comoro Islands, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya,Show MoreRelatedOverview of the Arab Culture Essay1673 Words   |  7 PagesName of Culture Arab is not a race, but is a group of individuals that are united by their culture and history (ADC, 2014). There are many different variations commonly based on a particular individual’s country of origin such as Arab Americans. Other variations are based on their social class, the level of their education, if they live urbanely or rurally, or the time they have spent in the United States (Lipson Dubble, 2007). 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The United Arab Emirates (UAE) is a country on the Arabian Peninsula located on

Childhood Education and Care Paramount Children

Question: Describe about the Childhood Education and Care for Paramount Children. Answer: Introduction Early childhood education is of paramount importance in children. The brain development in them is important as it the growing stage of life. It is the concrete foundation of the childs brain and play is the vital form of activity that will help them to gain knowledge and interact with the outside world. The physical, mental and social development is also crucial to succeed as in their later life. Concept and culture: The culture of children play is an instructive tool. The children love to play so that is the best medium to emphasize on and shine out towards the waiting life. With combined effort of parents and early childhood educators through plays, the children will prepare themselves for every challenge they will encounter and make them able for the future. According to Douglas Chew, the early childhood and education lecturer at JCU Singapore quote that child play is important for the childhood educators. The childs play enables them to become tenacious and master themselves for the stress life ahead. The hands-on tasks make them more authentic and master in their school and social life. The ability to think, solve, and reciprocate is also developed through this medium of child play. Therefore, the play-based approach is the best way to accomplish the science of overall development in children (Www.straitstimes.com, 2016). The needs of children are changing day by day and to replenish these needs, they are engaged in different tasks through play along with the assistance of the child educators and family members. At every stage of the childs life, starting from nursery, preschools, and child-care centers to kindergarten, childs play is prevalent. The language, numeracy, creativity, motor skill development, creativity, social awareness, active participation is essential in a childs development. Different types of Child Play: The first development starts with the mother-child play. The mother inculcates the qualities of interaction by love and affection as playing through set of toys making them recognize, objects, shapes, colors. The vocal training through sound and storytelling practiced at homes (Fusaro, Vallotton Harris,2014). At the education level, there are different types of plays that have their own significance and qualities. They are dramatic, instructive, social, competitive and physical in nature. The kids love to dress up so play like go as you like and toddler dramas will work out on a childs imagination and creativity. The plays like ladder and snakes, local cricket or soccer game with siblings; friends will make them learn lessons about winning and losing. Physical activities like riding a bicycle and different rides will develop their endurance and make them active (Www.verywell.com, 2016). Conclusion: The activities like building blocks, jigsaw puzzle, making rail lines or road for cars, drawing, coloring, or making sand or card castle will enhance their constructive ideas of building and manipulating things. Making them work in groups, games with rules and time will raise their social skills along with discipline, time management and concept of game of life. The preschool active games like Follow the Leader, Simon Says, Red Rover are interesting to play to enhance the motor activities and makes the child happy (Lehrer, Petrakos Venkatesh 2014). References Fusaro, M., Vallotton, C. D., Harris, P. L. (2014). Beside the point: Mothers head nodding and shaking gestures during parentchild play.Infant Behavior and Development,37(2), 235-247. Lehrer, J. S., Petrakos, H. H., Venkatesh, V. (2014). Grade 1 Students Out-of-School Play and Its Relationship to School-Based Academic, Behavior, and Creativity Outcomes.Early Education and Development,25(3), 295-317. Www.straitstimes.com,. (2016). Early childhood education: Importance of learning through play. Retrieved April 2016, from https://www.straitstimes.com/singapore/education/early-childhood-education-importance-of-learning-through-play Www.verywell.com,. 10 Types of Play Important to Your Child's Development. Retrieved from https://www.verywell.com/types-of-play-2764587)

The future lies in globalization free essay sample

Even as companies are being told that the future lies in globalization, some are severely punished for their international moves. A simple test can help you decide what makes strategic sense for your organization. When You Shouldn’t Go Global by Marcus Alexander and Harry Korine Included with this full-text Harvard Business Review article: 1 Article Summary The Idea in Brief—the core idea The Idea in Practice—putting the idea to work 2 When You Shouldn’t Go Global 8 Further Reading A list of related materials, with annotations to guide further exploration of the article’s ideas and applications Reprint R0812E This article is made available to you with compliments of Harry Korine. Further posting, copying or distributing is copyright infringement. To order more copies go to www. hbr. org. When You Shouldn’t Go Global The Idea in Brief Globalization promises substantial advantages like new growth and scale. For some companies, it’s paid off handsomely. But global mania has also blinded many firms to a hard truth: global strategies are devilishly tough to execute. The landscape has become littered with some of these unfortunates’ remains. DaimlerChrysler and ABN Amro— dismembered and bought up by activist shareowners—are particularly painful examples. To escape this fate, don’t assume you should go global, say Alexander and Korine. Instead, determine whether a global move makes sense for your firm. Ask: †¢ Could the move generate substantial benefits? †¢ Do we have the capabilities (for example, experience in postmerger integration) required to realize those benefits? †¢ Will the benefits outweigh the costs (such as the complexity that comes with coordinating far-flung international operations)? A yes to these questions suggests globalizing may be right for you. But almost everyone accepts that businesses of all types must embrace it. Even smaller enterprises—urged on by the ? nancial markets, by investment bankers and consultants, by the media, and by the moves they see rivals making—feel the strategic imperative to go global in one form or another. Although the current ? nancial crisis is putting a damper on such activity, the pressure on companies to globalize is likely to persist. With this sense of inevitability, it’s easy to forget the serious mistakes some companies have made because of their global strategies. Dutch ? ancial-services ? rm ABN Amro, for example, acquired banks in numerous countries but wasn’t able to achieve the integration needed to generate value with its international network. AES, a U. S. -based energy ? rm that operates 124 generation plants in 29 countries on ? ve continents, has in recent years struggled to show that it is worth more than the sum of its individual geographic units. D aimler-Benz merged with Chrysler in 1998 in order to create a Welt AG—a world corporation—but never attained the power over markets and suppliers that this global position was supposed to deliver. And these days, companies can’t always chalk their mistakes up to experience and move on. Industry rivals and activist share owners are increasingly forcing ? rms to undo their international investments—despite, in many cases, early endorsement by analysts and the market—and even to ? re the senior management teams that made them. ABN Amro was dismembered last year by the Royal Bank of Scotland, Fortis, and Banco Santander, largely along geographic lines. AES’s share price has tumbled since investors’ initial enthusiasm for its globalization strategy, and some investment advisers are calling for the ? m to be split into three or more parts. The architect of the DaimlerChrysler deal, CEO Jurgen Schrempp, ? nally yielded to share-owner pressure and resigned, freeing up his successor to sell harvard business review †¢ december 2008 This article is made available to you with compliments of Harry Korine. Further posting, copying or distributing is c opyright infringement. To order more copies go to www. hbr. org. page 2 When You Shouldn’t Go Global Chrysler to the private-equity giant Cerberus in 2007. Indeed, we believe that businesses with illconsidered globalization strategies are poised to become the next targets for breakup or corporate overhaul by activist share owners, just as companies with poorly thought-out business diversi? cation strategies were targets in the past. Today’s activists include private-equity ? rms, hedge funds, and traditional pension funds, and they wield in? uence through a variety of means, from vocal use of the platform offered by a minority stake to all-out takeover and sell-off. All right, even the best executive teams are going to make mistakes in a business environment as complex as today’s. And no one would deny that the forces driving globalization are powerful and that the business bene? ts of becoming a global player can be tremendous. What concerns us is that so many companies seem to share unquestioned assumptions about the need to go global and are lulled by apparent safety in numbers as they move toward potential disaster. We highlight in this article several industries where this mind-set has been prevalent and a number of companies that have paid a high price for adopting it. Avoiding Ill-Fated Strategies Businesses have had international ambitions at least since the founding of the British East India and Hudson’s Bay companies in the seventeenth century. Truly global corporations began appearing early in the last century, and their number has grown—with both successes and failures along the way—ever since. But the accelerated removal of political and regulatory barriers to cross-border trading and investment over the past 15 years, along with the advent of technology that enables companies to conduct business around the world 24 hours a day, has made a global presence a generally accepted requisite in many industries. From the late 1990s onward, with a brief pause during the 2001–2003 bear market, we have witnessed a head-over-heels rush by companies to globalize: Foreign direct investments are at record levels, cross-border partnerships and acquisitions are burgeoning, worldwide sourcing continues to increase, and the pursuit of customers in emerging economies grows ever more heated. Marcus Alexander is an adjunct professor of strategic and international management at London Business School, a director of the Ashridge Strategic Management Centre in London, and a coauthor, with Andrew Campbell, of â€Å"What’s Wrong with Strategy? (HBR November–December 1997). Harry Korine ([emailprotected] edu) is a teaching fellow in strategic and international management at London Business School and a senior research fellow at IFGE in Lyon, France. He is a coauthor, with Pierre-Yves Gomez, of The Leap to Globalization (Jossey-Bass, 2002) and Entrepreneurs and Democracy (Cambridge Universi ty Press, 2008). Both authors have worked with some of the companies mentioned in this article. Although such moves have bene? ted—or at least not irreparably damaged—many companies, we’re beginning to see fallout. Sometimes ? ms have failed because their global strategies were deeply misguided, other times because execution was more dif? cult than anticipated. We think that many failures could have been prevented—and would be avoided in the future—if companies seriously addressed three seemingly simple questions. 1. Are there potential bene? ts for our company? Just because a move makes sense for a rival or for companies in other industries doesn’t mean it makes sense for your own company or industry. The race to globalize sometimes leads people to overestimate the size of the prize. UK-based roof tile maker Redland, for example, expanded aggressively around the world beginning in the 1970s with the aim of leveraging its technical know-how beyond its home market. The problem: It often sought opportunities in countries, such as the United States and Japan, where local building practices provided very little demand for concrete roof tiles. Although the company was fully able to transfer the relevant technology, there was no value in doing so in such markets. 2. Do we have the necessary management skills? Even if potential bene? ts do exist for your company, you may not be in a position to realize them. The theoretical advantages of globalizing—economies of scale, for example— are devilishly dif? cult to achieve in practice, and companies often lack the management key needed to unlock the coffer holding the prize. By the late 1990s, industrial conglomerate BTR had developed a presence in many countries. However, each business unit was run as a largely autonomous entity, with stringent pro? t accountability and little encouragement to work with others. This approach made sense in a fragmented world, but as BTR’s customers globalized, they came to expect coordinated supply and support across borders. Although the opportunity was clear and BTR seemed well positioned to seize it, the company found it impossible to implement an approach so alien to its traditions. Even after a change of CEO and other senior staffers, the company culture blocked attempts at global integration, and the 1999 merger with Siebe was seen by many analysts as an admission that BTR simply could not make the changes needed. harvard business review †¢ december 2008 This article is made available to you with compliments of Harry Korine. Further posting, copying or distributing is copyright infringement. To order more copies go to www. hbr. org. page 3 When You Shouldn’t Go Global 3. Will the costs outweigh the bene? ts? Even if you are able to realize the bene? ts of a global move, unanticipated collateral damage to your business may make the endeavor counterproductive. Too often, companies fail to see that the full costs of going global may dwarf even a sizable prize—for example, when an effort to harmonize the practices of national business units drives away customers or distracts national management teams from the needs of their markets. The increased complexity of managing international operations is also a threat. TCL, a Chinese maker of electronics and home appliances, has expanded rapidly into the United States and Europe through a series of acquisitions and joint ventures. As a result of deals in the past few years with Thomson and Alcatel, TCL has found itself with four RD headquarters, 18 RD centers, 20 manufacturing bases, and sales organizations in 45 countries. The cost of managing this infrastructure has outweighed the bene? ts of increased scale and resulted in large losses for both joint ventures. Globalization’s Siren Song Companies neglect to ask themselves these seemingly obvious questions because of their complacent assumptions about the virtues of going global—assumptions that are reinforced by seductive messages from, among other places, the stock market. Although the siren song of globalization has lured companies of all kinds into this risky strategic space, recently the call has been particularly insidious in certain industry contexts, three of which we describe here. (For a description of how a management imperative such as â€Å"Become more global† can rapidly spread, see the sidebar â€Å"The Susceptibility to Managerial Fads. †) The Susceptibility to Managerial Fads The belief that companies must become more global is the latest in a long line of widely held and generally unquestioned assumptions that can undermine the rational behavior of companies or entire industries. The management trends—you might even call them fads—that grow out of these assumptions can be dangerous because they often lead to sloppy thinking. For example, the label used to describe a trend may get stretched far beyond its original meaning. â€Å"Reengineering† has come to mean nearly any corporate reorganization; â€Å"related diversi? ation† is used today to justify acquisitions within categories, such as â€Å"communications media† and â€Å"? nancial services,† that are so broad as to be almost meaningless. More troubling, the stampede by companies to join peers in mindlessly embracing such trends can cloud managers’ judgment about what is worthwhile and achievable in their particular case. The pathology of management fads has an underlying dynamic that is worth exploring: Company X, with talented people at the helm, pioneers a new management approach. The ? rm does well, and others take notice. Maybe one or two experiment with similar innovations. Then stock market analysts and journalists spot the new approach. They view it as part of a broader pattern, and someone comes up with a clever-sounding label. The word â€Å"paradigm† may even get tossed around. As the phenomenon gains visibility—often in publications like this one—academics develop â€Å"frameworks† to help companies understand it. Their codi? cation, intended simply to explain the phenomenon, further validates it. (Consultants also develop frameworks, though usually with the aim of selling the trend as a product. ) Over time, people use the now-familiar label more and more loosely. They group all manner of activities under the heading. Despite its ambiguity, there is a growing sense that activities under the rubric are worthwhile. Investment bankers cite the concept as a reason for companies to make acquisitions or other moves, and in the enthusiasm of deal making everyone glosses over the dif? culties of integration and implementation. Financial markets sometimes reward companies just for announcing that they have adopted the new approach. Sadly, the original insight, not to mention an appreciation of the context that gave rise to it, soon gets lost as ompanies scramble to become part of the trend. Before long, they are copying all sorts of elements and manifestations that are at best tangential and often irrelevant to the sought-after bene? By the time a few books have come out on the topic, managers are embarrassed if they can’t point to examples within their own organizations. As the herd piles in, smart managers are already scanning the horizon for a new idea that will give them a competitive advantage. But others continue to give little thought to whether the trend has played out—or was never likely to bene? a company in their situation. There is always a lag before misapplications of the concept start to affect companies’ numbers. Even when they do, many corporate managers, with stacks of statements and presentations extolling the virtues of the approach, are reluctant to abandon it. The stubborn ones carry on regardless of mounting costs— thereby setting the stage for activist share owners to step in and force a change. This discouraging scenario doesn’t unfold because the original concept was wrong. (Globalizing isn’t necessarily bad; not globalizing isn’t necessarily good. It plays out because embracing a trend often precludes careful examination of the pros and cons of the speci? c choices made by a single company in a particular context. harvard business review †¢ december 2008 This article is made available to you with compliments of Harry Korine. Further posting, copying or distributing is copyright infringement. To order more copies go to www. hbr. org. page 4 When You Shouldn’t Go Global Deregulated industries. Many businesses in formerly state-owned industries, such as telecommunications, postal services, and utilities, have responded to deregulation with aggressive global moves. Faced with limited growth opportunities and often increasing competition in their home markets, companies have accepted that geographic expansion is the best way to exercise their new strategic freedom. These companies, the argument goes, can apply existing competencies—providing voice and data communication, delivering letters and parcels, distributing electricity and water, even dealing with the deregulation process itself—in new markets. They will enjoy signi? cant savings by sharing resources across their international operations while â€Å"sticking to their knitting. The latter point—the importance of focusing on what they know how to do—is a key part of the argument, since unrelated diversi? cation, itself once a widely touted strategy, has been largely discredited. This apparently sound logic has turned out in many cases to be oversold by investment bankers or to be just plain ? imsy. Companies frequently pay far too much to enter foreign markets. Furthermore, many of the deregulated industries are â€Å"glocal†Ã¢â‚¬â€that is, customer expectations, operating environments, and management practices for what seem to be globally standard services can vary greatly depending on location. Water distribution, for instance, may not in fact be the same industry in the regulatory settings of two different countries. In addition, cross-border economies, if they exist at all, may be hard to achieve. It is dif? cult, for example, to optimize electricity ? ows over uncoordinated grids. Faced with such challenges, a number of companies have struggled with or reversed their global moves. Kelda, a UK water utility, sold its U. S. business six years after acquiring it because differences in pricing, environmental regulations, and distribution proved so great that the business could be run only on a stand-alone basis. Partly because of national differences in customer behavior, Deutsche Telekom has ended up running its U. S. unit, T-Mobile USA, as a completely independent business that could be sold off at any time. Rival telecom operator Vodafone has been forced by dissatis? ed share owners to unload its Japanese subsidiary, J-Phone. Deutsche Post, in assembling an international network of mail, express, and logistics services, overpaid signi? cantly for the U. S. express-delivery services DHL and Airborne. Germany’s former state-owned monopoly has also had great dif? ulty integrating DHL’s entrepreneurial management culture with its own. Some analysts value the sum of Deutsche Post’s separate businesses as 25% greater than the market value of the company—an assessment that is likely to increase pressure to spin off some of those businesses. Service industries. Companies in traditionally national and fragmented service industries, such as retailing, consumer banking, a nd insurance, have viewed globalization as a way to realize scale economies and to generate growth beyond home markets themselves facing an incursion of foreign competition. In some cases, globalization seems to make sense because customers and suppliers are also becoming more global. As in deregulated industries, however, the â€Å"global† customer may be more national than anticipated. And obtaining scale economies across borders requires management skills and experience that many companies lack. For example, serving a customer that is truly global in a consistent way from multiple national of? ces is no easy task. Service businesses seeking to capture the bene? ts of a globalization strategy must, like ? rms in deregulated industries, pay attention to a mix of global and local factors. Purchasing can bene? t from careful coordination across borders, but marketing and sales may suffer from too much standardization. Certain services travel much better than others that seem remarkably similar. In shoe retailing, for instance, offerings targeted at the wealthy or the young are far more global than those aimed at the middle market, which remains doggedly local. In service businesses, many of the implementation challenges of a global strategy involve the coordination of people or processes. Wal-Mart, for instance, has struggled to get its partner ? ms and employees abroad to adopt its work routines. ABN Amro’s global empire was dismantled by predators because the international business was a collection of mostly unrelated operations in countries ranging from Brazil to Monaco. The company achieved few economies of scale: In marketing, harvard business review †¢ december 2008 This article is made available to you with compliments of Harry Korine. Further posting, copying or distributing is copyright infringement. To order more copies go to www. hbr. org. page 5 When You Shouldn’t Go Global for example, it didn’t enjoy the ef? iencies resulting from a single global brand, because local banks mostly kept their original names. Furthermore, its attempts at sharing information systems, management processes, and other bits of infrastructure were repeatedly delayed and then implemented haphazardly, creating few savings. The outcomes of some other service companies’ global strategies have not been so dire—but they have still fallen short of expectations. Starbucks has pursued international growth at a breakneck pace, even though margins abroad have been only about half those of the company’s U. S. operations. Axa, the global French insurance group, has enjoyed satisfactory ? nancial performance from its many units around the world but has so far been unable to reduce its global cost base or convincingly roll out innovations, such as its U. S. variable-annuity program, internationally. Thus, although the globalization strategy hasn’t destroyed value, it also hasn’t added as much as originally envisioned. Manufacturing industries. Over the past decade, companies in manufacturing indus- tries, such as automobiles and communications equipment, have viewed rapid crossborder consolidation as necessary for survival. Global mergers and partnerships seem to be the only way for companies to obtain the size needed to compete against consolidating rivals, to reduce their reliance on home markets, and to gain manufacturing economies of scale. These bene? ts, though arguably easier to achieve than those sought by service companies (because local differences seem less problematic), are often outweighed by operational and organizational challenges. The complexities of integrating organizations and operations can cause costly delays or failures. And companies haven’t had the luxury of much time to realize the bene? s of integration. Counting on the bene? ts of size and scale to drop quickly to the bottom line, many manufacturers have become particularly vulnerable to economic slowdowns, which constrain their ability to pay for expansion and consolidation before an increasing debt-to-equity ratio forces their executive teams to cede control to ? nanciers or new management. Royal Ahold’s Downfall Dutch supermarket operator Royal Ahold is best known in recent years for an accounting scandal that led to the resignation of its CEO and its CFO in 2003. The ? nancial irregularities must be seen in light of the company’s mbitious, and ultimately unsuccessful, globalization strategy. Royal Ahold began its international expansion in the 1970s and accelerated it in the 1990s, eventually acquiring businesses throughout Europe, Asia, Latin America, and the United States, to become the fourthlargest retailer in the world. But the bene? ts of owning this network of stores were hard to realize or didn’t exist in the ? rst place. Global economies of scale are one of the main rationales for international expansion. However, such economies, dif? cult to attain in many businesses, are particularly elusive in food retailing. Purchasing economies can be achieved only with items furnished by global suppliers to all markets—and these typically represent at most 20% of all supermarket items, because of cultural differences and the frequent need to source fresh food locally. Even apparently â€Å"international† products, such as hummus, must be adapted to different countries’ distinct tastes. Additionally, realizing synergies across a far-? ung network requires common information systems and management processes, and Ahold made little effort to integrate its acquired businesses into the existing organization. Different information systems thus continued to coexist across the company, sometimes even within the same country. Ironically, the lack of integrated systems and processes needed to secure global bene? ts helped conceal the company’s ? nancial irregularities. And the failure to attain those bene? ts undoubtedly put pressure on top managers to produce favorable—if false— ? nancial results. When the new executive team ? nally introduced common management processes in the wake of the scandal, those processes did little to improve such activities as common purchasing across markets. As recently as last year, key suppliers were charging Ahold different prices in different countries. Ahold’s 2007 sale of most of its U. S. operations to private equity ? rms highlighted the nearly complete abandonment, under pressure from dissatis? ed minority share owners, of its once ambitious globalization strategy. The dissidents were concerned not about the usual over-diversi? cation of business types— after all, Royal Ahold remained focused on retailing—but about the over-diversi? cation of geographic locations. (Tests for suitable business diversi? ation are discussed in â€Å"Corporate Strategy: The Quest for Parenting Advantage,† by Andrew Campbell, Michael Goold, and Marcus Alexander, in the March– April 1995 issue of HBR. ) With the focus on governance at Ahold, the underlying story of failed globalization did not receive adequate attention until activist share owners jumped on it. harvard business review †¢ december 2008 This artic le is made available to you with compliments of Harry Korine. Further posting, copying or distributing is copyright infringement. To order more copies go to www. hbr. org. page 6 When You Shouldn’t Go Global The merger of Daimler-Benz and Chrysler is a poster child for this problem: The German and U. S. automakers were different in almost every respect, from company cultures to purchasing practices, and they were never able to attain such bene? ts as the promised billions of dollars in savings from common supply management. Taiwanese consumer electronics company BenQ’s acquisition of Siemens’s mobile-device business followed a similar story line, including incompatibility of cultures and processes, as well as dif? culties in integrating RD activities. In a haunting echo of the scramble by Daimler-Benz and Chrysler to merge, BenQ didn’t visit Siemens workshops and production lines before inking the deal, relying only on due diligence documents. Although BenQ continues to be active in mobile equipment, its German unit was declared bankrupt in 2007. In both of these cases—and in numerous others—the strategic logic for globalization was tenuous, and the skills needed to implement a globalization strategy effectively were in short supply. A Continuing Danger We aren’t saying that all globalization strategies are ? awed. Telefonica, Spain’s former telephone monopoly, has successfully expanded throughout much of the Spanish-speaking world. The past ? ve years have seen General Electric’s Commercial Finance business move rapidly and effectively into dozens of non-U. S. markets. Renault’s pathbreaking alliance with Nissan has to this point proved bene? cial for the French and Japanese automakers. But focusing on such success stories only reinforces the conventional wisdom that a globalization strategy is a blanket requirement for doing business—which in turn leads many companies to insuf? iently scrutinize their proposed global initiatives. (For a discussion of one of the gravest cases of failed globalization, see the sidebar â€Å"Royal Ahold’s Downfall. †) We expect this trend to continue, as ? rms in various industries recklessly pursue global strategies. Take the emerging renewableenergy industry—companies developing technologies for biofuel, solar energy, and wind energy. We have talked with executives who, racing to establish a global position in this booming ? eld, are planning rapid expansion over the next few years in Africa, Asia, nd Latin America—and completely underestimating the management challenges involved. Many will, after initial applause from the ? nancial markets, ? nd their hastily conceived strategies challenged after the fact by activists. We also anticipate that problems will recur in industries that earlier rushed to adopt globalization strategies, with activist share owners ready to pounce on companies as evidence of poor management choices surfaces. Activist share owners have already taken signi? cant positions in some companies mentioned in this article. Other target companies, perhaps not quite ripe for direct intervention—and temporarily shielded from attack by the current credit crisis and turbulent equity markets—are nonetheless being discussed in the boardrooms of rivals and by the investment committees of pension funds and private equity ? rms. Ironically, some predators, having spotted the weaknesses of other companies’ global strategies, may be poised to fall into the same trap. For example, the Royal Bank of Scotland is known for its highly successful 2000 acquisition of NatWest, a much larger UK rival, and for the subsequent overhaul of its target’s culture. But RBS may ? nd it dif? cult to achieve similar results with the disparate banking assets—spread across more than 50 countries— that it acquired from ABN Amro. And though the recent government bailouts of RBS and Fortis aren’t a direct result of the ? rms’ international strategies, the acquisition of ABN Amro assets stretched their balance sheets and made the companies more vulnerable to the ? nancial crisis. We also worry that activist share owners and private equity ? rms may reproduce ? awed globalization strategies in their own portfolios. The largest of these players are now more diversi? ed, both in ype of business and in international footprint, than many of the giant conglomerates of 30 years ago that were subsequently broken up and sold off. Indeed, as you look out on a landscape littered with the remains of dismembered companies weakened by failed globalization strategies, you have to wonder: Could today’s predators be tomorrow’s p rey? Reprint R0812E To order, see the next page or call 800-988-0886 or 617-783-7500 or go to www. hbr. org harvard business review †¢ december 2008 This article is made available to you with compliments of Harry Korine. Further posting, copying or distributing is copyright infringement. To order more copies go to www. hbr. org. page 7 When You Shouldn’t Go Global Further Reading ARTICLES Managing Differences: The Central Challenge of Global Strategy by Pankaj Ghemawat Harvard Business Review March 2007 Product no. R0703C The main goal of any international strategy should be to manage the large differences that arise at the borders of markets. Yet executives often fail to exploit market and production discrepancies, focusing instead on the tensions between standardization and localization. Ghemawat presents a new framework that encompasses all three effective responses to the challenges of globalization. He calls it the AAA Triangle, with the As standing for the three distinct types of international strategy. Through adaptation, companies seek to boost revenues and market share by maximizing their local relevance. Through aggregation, they attempt to deliver economies of scale by creating regional, or sometimes global, operations. And through arbitrage, they exploit disparities between national or regional markets, often by locating different parts of the supply chain in different places— for instance, call centers in India, factories in China, and retail shops in Western Europe. Ghemawat draws on several examples that illustrate how organizations use and balance these strategies and describes the trade-offs they make as they do so when trying to build competitive advantage. Emerging Giants: Building World-Class Companies in Developing Countries by Tarun Khanna and Krishna G. Palepu Harvard Business Review October 2006 Product no. R0610C As established multinational corporations stormed into emerging markets, many local companies lost market share or sold off businesses—but some fought back. India’s Mahindra Mahindra, China’s Haier Group, and many other corporations in developing countries have held their own against the onslaught, restructured their businesses, exploited new opportunities, and built worldclass companies that are today giving their global rivals a run for their money. The authors describe three strategies these businesses used to become effective global competitors despite facing financial and bureaucratic disadvantages in their home markets. Some capitalized on their knowledge of local product markets. Some have exploited their knowledge of local talent and capital markets, thereby serving customers both at home and abroad in a cost-effective manner. And some emerging giants have exploited institutional voids to create profitable businesses. Getting Offshoring Right by Ravi Aron and Jitendra V. Singh Harvard Business Review December 2005 Product no. R0512J Recently a rising number of companies in North America and Europe have experimented with offshoring and outsourcing business processes, hoping to reduce costs and gain strategic advantage—with mixed results. According to several studies, half the organizations that have shifted processes offshore have failed to generate the expected financial benefits. What’s more, many of them have faced employee resistance and consumer dissatisfaction. A three-part methodology can help companies reformulate their offshoring strategies. First, prioritize company processes according to two criteria: the value these processes create for customers and the degree to which the company can capture some of that value. Then keep highest-priority processes in-house and consider outsourcing low-priority ones. Second, analyze the risks that accompany offshoring.